The Europolis shopping and entertainment center, formerly known as Golden Babylon Rostokino, is one of the largest shopping centers not only in Moscow, but in all of Europe. Located at <strong>211 Prospekt Mira, Building 2</strong> in the Rostokino district of the North-Eastern Administrative Okrug of the capital, the complex occupies an impressive area of more than <strong>240,000 square meters</strong> and attracts over one and a half million visitors every month.

<h3>Scale and capabilities of the shopping center</h3>
Europolis brings together under one roof more than <strong>450 stores</strong> of various formats, a modern multi-screen cinema, dozens of cafés and restaurants, as well as numerous entertainment areas for visitors of all ages. The shopping center is open <strong>daily from 10:00 to 22:00</strong>, providing convenient hours for shopping and leisure on both weekdays and weekends.

<h2>History and transformation of the shopping complex</h2>
<h3>From Golden Babylon to Europolis</h3>
The complex was opened on <strong>18 November 2009</strong> under the name Golden Babylon Rostokino and was part of the Golden Babylon chain of shopping centers. In 2019, the shopping center underwent a large-scale reconceptualization, including a complete rebranding and name change. The renovation project was developed by the Spanish architectural bureau <strong>CLEVERTECK</strong>, which gave the complex a modern European look and new positioning in the market.

<h3>Architectural features</h3>
The Europolis shopping and entertainment complex is a two-storey structure with optimal zoning of retail and entertainment areas. The total area of the complex is <strong>241,000 square meters</strong>, of which the retail space occupies about <strong>170,000 square meters</strong>. Modern architecture, well-thought-out navigation and comfortable spaces create a pleasant atmosphere for a long stay.

<h2>Anchor tenants and major stores</h2>
<h3>Hypermarkets and department stores</h3>
Europolis hosts leading retail chains offering a very wide range of goods:

<ul><li><strong>O'KEY hypermarket</strong> – a grocery hypermarket with an area of 15,400 sq.m, open from 09:00 to 23:00</li><li><strong>Stockmann department store</strong> – a multibrand department store offering more than 300 brands of women's, men's and children's clothing, footwear, accessories and cosmetics</li><li><strong>Castorama</strong> – a DIY and building materials hypermarket with an area of 10,000 sq.m, open from 08:00 to 23:00</li><li><strong>M.Video and Eldorado</strong> – leading electronics and home appliances stores</li><li><strong>Hoff Home</strong> – products for the home and interior</li><li><strong>Leonardo</strong> – a hobby hypermarket for crafts and creativity</li></ul>
<h3>Fashion brands and clothing</h3>
The shopping center offers an impressive selection of clothing stores for every taste and budget:

<ul><li><strong>International brands</strong>: H&M, ZARA, Marks & Spencer, UNIQLO, Bershka, Pull & Bear, Stradivarius, Massimo Dutti, Mango</li><li><strong>Sportswear</strong>: Sportmaster, Adidas, Nike</li><li><strong>Russian brands</strong>: TVOE, Familia, 5 Karmanov, O'Stin</li><li><strong>Youth fashion</strong>: NEW YORKER, Cropp Town, Reserved</li><li><strong>Premium segment</strong>: Lacoste, Guess, Baldinini</li></ul>
<h3>Children's goods and toys</h3>
For the youngest visitors and their parents, there are specialized stores:

<ul><li><strong>Detsky Mir</strong> – the largest chain of children's goods stores</li><li><strong>Hamleys</strong> – the famous British toy store</li><li><strong>Acoola</strong> – children's clothing for ages from 2 to 14</li></ul>
<h2>Entertainment and leisure for the whole family</h2>
<h3>MIRAGE Cinema movie theater</h3>
The multi-screen cinema with an area of <strong>6,500 square meters</strong> offers comfortable movie viewing in modern auditoriums with the latest equipment. The cinema is equipped with comfortable orthopedic seats, and the distance between rows exceeds 120 centimeters, ensuring maximum comfort for viewers of any height. Opening hours: <strong>from 10:00 until the last screening</strong>.

<h3>Entertainment areas for children</h3>
Europolis offers a variety of options for children's leisure:

<ul><li><strong>Zamania family park</strong> – playgrounds and attractions for children of different ages</li><li><strong>Nevesomost trampoline park</strong> – a trampoline complex for active recreation</li><li><strong>BiBiLand construction professions park</strong> – a themed space where children can learn about different professions</li><li><strong>Legorod playroom</strong> – an area for building with LEGO</li><li><strong>Jungles Are Calling petting zoo</strong> – interaction with animals</li><li><strong>Madagascar play area</strong> – carousels, slides, a water trampoline and a dry pool</li></ul>
<h3>Entertainment for adults</h3>
<ul><li><strong>Cosmozar laser tag club</strong> – arenas for laser battles</li><li><strong>Segwaydrome</strong> – riding segways, hoverboards and drift karts</li><li><strong>DDX Fitness</strong> – a fitness center with modern equipment, open from 06:00 to 00:00</li><li><strong>Bowling</strong> – a bowling area of 3,200 sq.m</li></ul>
<h2>Restaurants, cafés and food court area</h2>
<h3>Full-service restaurants</h3>
The shopping center features about <strong>40 food service outlets</strong> of various formats and cuisines:

<ul><li><strong>VASILCHUKI Chaihona No.1</strong> – an Uzbek cuisine restaurant, open from 11:00 to 23:00</li><li><strong>Kulibin</strong> – a restaurant with an unusual presentation of dishes</li><li><strong>TGI FRIDAYS</strong> – an American restaurant</li><li><strong>Shokoladnitsa</strong> – a café-confectionery with a wide selection of coffee and desserts</li></ul>
<h3>Food court and fast food</h3>
The food court area of <strong>6,500 square meters</strong> includes:

<ul><li><strong>Burger King</strong> – American fast food</li><li><strong>McDonald's</strong> – fast food restaurants</li><li><strong>KFC</strong> – fried chicken</li><li><strong>Sbarro</strong> – Italian pizza and pasta</li><li><strong>Kroshka Kartoshka</strong> – baked potatoes with fillings</li><li><strong>Subway</strong> – fresh sandwiches</li></ul>
<h2>Services for visitors</h2>
<h3>Financial services</h3>
<ul><li>ATMs: Sberbank, Tinkoff, Alfa-Bank and others</li><li>Bank branches</li><li>Currency exchange offices</li></ul>
<h3>Communication and connectivity</h3>
<ul><li>Mobile phone shops: Beeline, MTS, Megafon, TELE2</li><li>Free Wi-Fi throughout the complex</li><li>Charging stations for mobile devices</li></ul>
<h3>Beauty and health</h3>
<ul><li>Pharmacies</li><li>Beauty salons and hairdressers</li><li>Barbershops</li><li>Children's hair salons</li><li>Nail studios</li><li>Cosmetics stores: L'Etoile, Rive Gauche, Yves Rocher, L'Occitane</li></ul>
<h3>Additional services</h3>
<ul><li>Dry cleaning</li><li>Car wash</li><li>Travel agencies</li><li>Opticians</li><li>Pet stores</li><li>Pick-up points for online orders</li></ul>
<h2>Transport accessibility and parking</h2>
<h3>How to get there by public transport</h3>
<strong>By metro and MCC:</strong>

The optimal route is to travel to <strong>Rostokino</strong> station of the Moscow Central Circle (MCC, line No.14). From the station, walk 2–3 minutes to the tram stop “Rostokino station” on Prospekt Mira, take <strong>tram No.17</strong> towards Medvedkovo and ride one stop to “Severyanin platform”.

It is also possible to get there from the metro stations:

<ul><li><strong>Sviblovo</strong> – within walking distance</li><li><strong>Botanichesky Sad</strong> – by buses and trolleybuses</li></ul>
<strong>Buses:</strong> 93, 136, 172, 244, 316, 317, 375, 388, 392, 451, 499, 544, 551, 565, 576, 578, 834, 903

<strong>Trolleybuses:</strong> 14, 76

<h3>By commuter train</h3>
Commuter trains of the Yaroslavl line run to <strong>Severyanin platform</strong> from Yaroslavsky railway station, as well as from the Moscow region – from Mytishchi, Pushkino and Korolyov. From the railway platform, you need to walk under the Severyaninsky overpass and you will find yourself at the shopping center.

<h3>By car</h3>
<strong>From the center of Moscow:</strong> drive along Prospekt Mira, exit towards Serebryakova passage, turn left under the overpass and make a U-turn onto Prospekt Mira.

<strong>From the region:</strong> take the Yaroslavskoye highway, exit towards Serebryakova passage and make a U-turn at the first intersection.

<h3>Parking</h3>
The Europolis shopping and entertainment complex has one of the most spacious parking facilities in Moscow:

<ul><li><strong>Two-level underground parking</strong> for 2,400 cars</li><li><strong>Total parking capacity</strong> – up to 7,500 cars</li><li>Convenient entrances and exits</li><li>Video surveillance system</li><li>Charging stations for electric vehicles</li></ul>
<h2>Opening hours and contact information</h2>
<h3>Opening hours</h3>
<ul><li><strong>Shopping center:</strong> daily from 10:00 to 22:00</li><li><strong>Cinema:</strong> from 10:00 to 03:00</li><li><strong>Restaurants:</strong> from 10:00 to 01:00</li><li><strong>O'KEY hypermarket:</strong> from 09:00 to 23:00</li><li><strong>Castorama:</strong> from 08:00 to 23:00</li><li><strong>DDX Fitness:</strong> from 06:00 to 00:00</li></ul>
<h3>Contacts</h3>
<ul><li><strong>Address:</strong> Moscow, 211 Prospekt Mira, Building 2</li><li><strong>Information desk phone:</strong> +7 (495) 966-64-98</li><li><strong>Official website:</strong> europolis-msk.ru</li><li><strong>VKontakte:</strong> official group of the shopping center</li></ul>
<h2>Advantages of visiting the Europolis shopping and entertainment center</h2>
<h3>Why you should choose Europolis</h3>
<ol><li><strong>Scale and variety</strong> – more than 450 stores under one roof provide a choice of goods for any taste and budget</li><li><strong>Convenient location</strong> – excellent transport accessibility via the MCC, metro and surface transport</li><li><strong>Family format</strong> – entertainment for all ages, from children's play areas to a fitness center</li><li><strong>Comfortable infrastructure</strong> – modern architecture, spacious walkways, cleanliness and order</li><li><strong>Spacious parking</strong> – up to 7,500 parking spaces provide convenience for motorists</li><li><strong>Full range of services</strong> – from shopping to entertainment and catering in one place</li></ol>
<h3>Who the shopping center is suitable for</h3>
<ul><li><strong>Families with children</strong> – numerous children's activities and stores</li><li><strong>Young people</strong> – trendy brands and entertainment areas</li><li><strong>Shopping lovers</strong> – a huge selection of stores in different price categories</li><li><strong>Foodies</strong> – a variety of cafés and restaurants</li><li><strong>Local residents</strong> – convenience of regular shopping in hypermarkets</li></ul>
<h2>Tips for visitors</h2>
<h3>Planning your visit</h3>
<ul><li><strong>Best time to visit</strong> – weekdays in the morning or evening, when there are fewer visitors</li><li><strong>Study the layout in advance</strong> – a floor-by-floor map of the stores is available on the official website</li><li><strong>Parking on weekends</strong> – arrive early to secure a parking space</li><li><strong>Promotions and discounts</strong> – follow the shopping center's official channels</li><li><strong>Plan your time</strong> – allocate 3–4 hours for a full visit</li></ul>
<h3>Practical recommendations</h3>
<ul><li>Download the mobile app to get up-to-date information</li><li>Use delivery services for large purchases</li><li>Reserve tables in restaurants in advance on weekends</li><li>Buy cinema tickets online to save time</li><li>Use special facilities for parents with children</li></ul>
<h2>Conclusion</h2>
The Europolis shopping and entertainment center on Prospekt Mira is deservedly considered one of the best shopping and entertainment centers in Moscow. Its vast area, huge variety of stores and brands, modern entertainment infrastructure and convenient transport accessibility make it an ideal place for family recreation, shopping and leisure. Whatever your goals – whether buying groceries in the hypermarket, updating your wardrobe, watching a movie at the cinema or enjoying active recreation with children – Europolis offers everything you need under one roof. The complex continues to develop, attracting new brands and improving its services, which guarantees its popularity among Muscovites and guests of the capital for many years to come.

Europolis Shopping Center

The Red Square is not just a square in the center of Moscow. It is a symbol of Russia, its living history captured in stone and events. It has witnessed rises and falls, triumphs and tragedies, reflecting the country's centuries-old history. Walking on its cobblestones, one can feel the breath of time, sense the connection between the past and present.

<h2>A Deep Look into History: From Chaos to Grandeur</h2>
The history of Red Square dates back to the distant past, to the 15th century.
<ol><li><strong>Birth: Trade and Fire:</strong> Initially, the area outside the Kremlin walls, where Red Square is now located, was chaotically built with wooden shops and houses. This area was known as the "Torg" – a bustling trade and exchange center. Frequent fires that destroyed the wooden buildings gave this area its first name – Fire.</li>
  <li><strong>Transformation: From Trade to the Main Square:</strong> Over time, as the Moscow state strengthened, the importance of this area grew. Not only trade deals but also important state ceremonies were held here, and royal decrees were proclaimed.</li>
  <li><strong>"Red": A Multifaceted Name:</strong> The name "Red" appeared in the 17th century. In Old Russian, the word "krasny" had several meanings: "beautiful," "main," "honorable." Thus, the name emphasized the special, important place of this square in the life of the country.</li>
  <li><strong>Witness to Executions and Triumphs:</strong> Until the 18th century, Red Square was the site of public executions, which gave it a grim tone. At the same time, it was a place for solemn processions, parades, and public festivities symbolizing the power and grandeur of the state.</li></ol>
<h2>Architectural Symphony: Harmony of Different Eras</h2>
The architectural ensemble of Red Square is a unique blend of monuments from various eras and styles, creating an unforgettable appearance.
<ul><li><strong>The Moscow Kremlin: Fortress and Symbol of Power:</strong> The mighty walls and towers of the Kremlin, rising above the square, symbolize Russian statehood. The Kremlin is an ancient fortress, the president's residence, a treasury of history and culture, and a UNESCO World Heritage site.</li>
  <li><strong>St. Basil's Cathedral (Pokrovsky Cathedral): A Marvel of Russian Architecture:</strong> This cathedral, built in the 16th century by Ivan the Terrible to commemorate the capture of Kazan, is one of the most recognizable symbols of Russia. Its colorful domes, whimsical architecture, and rich interior decorations are breathtaking.</li>
  <li><strong>Lenin's Tomb: A Contradictory Symbol of the Era:</strong> Built in 1930, the Mausoleum is the burial site of V.I. Lenin. It represents an example of Soviet architecture and still sparks debates in society.</li>
  <li><strong>Place of Public Announcements: A Stone Tribuna:</strong> A stone platform located opposite the Spasskaya Tower, served as the place where royal decrees and other important state documents were announced. Here, sentences were read, and addresses to the people were made.</li>
  <li><strong>The State Historical Museum: A Keeper of National Memory:</strong> The building of the museum, constructed at the end of the 19th century in the Russian Revival style, fits harmoniously into the architectural ensemble of the square. The museum holds a rich collection of exhibits covering Russia's history from ancient times to the present day.</li>
  <li><strong>GUM (Main Universal Store): A Masterpiece of Trade Architecture:</strong> Built at the end of the 19th century in the "Russian Art Nouveau" style, the GUM building is a striking example of trade architecture from that time. Today, GUM is a prestigious shopping center that has retained its historical appearance and is considered an architectural monument.</li>
  <li><strong>The Monument to Minin and Pozharsky: A Symbol of National Unity:</strong> This monument, erected in the early 19th century, is dedicated to Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky, heroes who led the people's militia in the struggle against Polish invaders in the early 17th century. This monument symbolizes the unity and patriotism of the Russian people.</li>
  <li><strong>The Resurrection Gate: Entrance to the Heart of Moscow:</strong> The Resurrection Gate, restored in the 1990s and located between the Historical Museum and the Moscow City Duma building, is a symbolic entrance to Red Square.</li></ul>
<h2>Red Square Today: Center of Events and Attraction</h2>
Red Square continues to play an important role in the life of the country, hosting significant state and cultural events.
<ul><li><strong>Victory Parade: A Symbol of Heroism and Memory:</strong> The solemn military parade, dedicated to the victory in the Great Patriotic War, is one of the most important and emotional events in Russia. The parade takes place every year on May 9 and symbolizes the strength and power of the Russian army, as well as the eternal memory of the war heroes.</li>
  <li><strong>International Military Music Festival "Spasskaya Tower": A Festival of Music and Friendship:</strong> This festival, held annually in late August and early September, brings together military bands from around the world. Vibrant performances, colorful costumes, and a grand light show create an unforgettable atmosphere of celebration and friendship between nations.</li>
  <li><strong>New Year Festivities: The Magic of New Year's Eve:</strong> On New Year's Eve, Red Square turns into a magical place, where thousands of Muscovites and visitors gather to celebrate the New Year under the chimes of the Spasskaya Tower clock.</li>
  <li><strong>Other Events: The Cultural Life of the Square:</strong> Red Square also hosts concerts, festivals, exhibitions, and other cultural events, making it a center of Moscow's cultural life.</li></ul>
<h2>Practical Information for Visitors:</h2>
<ul><li><strong>Transport:</strong> Nearest metro stations: "Okhotny Ryad," "Teatralnaya," "Ploshchad Revolyutsii," "Kitay-Gorod."</li>
  <li><strong>Opening Hours:</strong> The square is open for visits daily. However, during events, access may be restricted. It is recommended to check the opening hours in advance.</li>
  <li><strong>Visiting Lenin's Mausoleum:</strong> The Mausoleum is open for visits several days a week. Specific visiting rules must be followed, including a ban on photography and videography.</li>
  <li><strong>Security:</strong> Red Square is a protected area. Public order must be maintained, and police officers' instructions should be followed.</li></ul>
<h2>Conclusion: The Eternal Heart of Russia</h2>
Red Square is not just a place on the map. It is a symbol of Russia, its history, culture, and spirit. It is a place where everyone can touch the past, feel the connection of times, and sense themselves as part of a great country. Visiting Red Square leaves unforgettable impressions and remains forever in memory.


Red Square

Moscow-City is not just a business district; it is a symbol of modern Moscow, an ambitious project that has transformed the capital's skyline. Here, glass and concrete skyscrapers rise high, offering stunning panoramas, unique entertainment, and an atmosphere of dynamic life. It's a city within a city, where business, shopping, gastronomy, and cultural leisure intertwine.

<h2>Architectural Splendor: Moscow-City Skyscrapers</h2>
The complex includes more than 20 skyscrapers, each a masterpiece of modern architecture and engineering:
<ul>
<li><b>"Tower 2000"</b>: The first tower of Moscow-City, built in 2001. Although it is not considered a skyscraper by today's standards (104 meters), it marks the beginning of the complex. It is connected to the "Bagration" bridge.</li>
<li><b>"City of Capitals"</b>: A complex of two towers – "Moscow" (73 floors, 302 m) and "St. Petersburg" (65 floors, 257 m), symbolizing the two capitals of Russia. It features a unique design that resembles a construction set made of cubes.</li>
<li><b>"Evolution"</b>: A 55-story skyscraper (246 m) with a unique spiral shape, resembling the double helix of DNA. It symbolizes development and progress.</li>
<li><b>"Federation Tower"</b>: The tallest skyscraper in Russia and Europe until the construction of "Lakhta Center" in St. Petersburg. It consists of two towers: "West" (62 floors, 242 m) and "East" (97 floors, 374 m). It houses offices, apartments, restaurants, and the PANORAMA360 observation deck.</li>
<li><b>"Mercury City Tower"</b>: A building with a recognizable golden hue, 75 floors (339 m). It combines office spaces, apartments, and shopping areas.</li>
<li><b>"OKO"</b>: A complex of two towers – "North" (49 floors, 245 m) and "South" (85 floors, 354 m). The roof of the South tower features the highest observation deck in Europe, "#HigherOnlyLove".</li>
<li><b>"Empire"</b>: A 60-story skyscraper (239 m) with offices, apartments, and an observation deck with a museum.</li>
<li><b>Neva Towers</b>: A complex of two towers, 68 and 79 stories (302 and 345 m), with offices and apartments.</li>
<li><b>Moscow Towers</b>: Two 62-story towers (283 m), connected by a stylobate, with offices and apartments.</li>
<li><b>One Tower</b>: A skyscraper under construction, which is set to become the tallest building in Moscow and one of the tallest in Europe (over 400 m).</li>
</ul>
<h2>Panoramic Views: Observation Decks</h2>
Moscow-City offers several observation decks with breathtaking views of Moscow:
<ul>
<li><b>PANORAMA360 (Federation Tower, East)</b>: A closed observation deck on the 89th floor (327 meters). It offers panoramic views of the city, an ice cream and chocolate factory, 3D quests, and other entertainment.</li>
<li><b>"#HigherOnlyLove" (OKO Tower)</b>: An open observation deck on the roof of the South tower (354 meters). The highest observation deck in Europe.</li>
<li><b>Observation Deck and Museum in "Empire" Tower</b>: A closed deck on the 58th floor (235 meters) with views of part of the city and a museum dedicated to the history of Moscow-City's construction.</li>
<li><b>Observation Deck on the "Bagration" Bridge</b>: A free observation deck on the pedestrian bridge offering views of the Moscow-City towers and the Moscow River.</li>
</ul>
<h2>Shopping and Entertainment</h2><ul>
<li><b>"Afimall City"</b>: The largest shopping and entertainment center in Moscow-City. It features hundreds of stores with famous brands, restaurants, cafes, a cinema, an ice rink, and other entertainment options.</li>
<li><b>Restaurants and Bars</b>: Moscow-City has a wide variety of restaurants and bars for all tastes and budgets – from casual cafes to upscale restaurants with panoramic views.</li>
<li><b>Entertainment Centers</b>: The complex includes various entertainment centers, such as VR Park City, where visitors can immerse themselves in virtual reality, and "Cosmic" with bowling, billiards, and other games.</li>
<li><b>Flight Simulator</b>: The opportunity to experience being a pilot of a real plane.</li>
<li><b>Masterslavl</b>: A city for children, where they can try different professions.</li>
</ul>
<h2>Moscow-City for Children</h2><ul>
<li><b>Ice Cream Factory at PANORAMA360</b>: Children can not only taste ice cream but also learn how it's made.</li>
<li><b>"Masterslavl"</b>: An interactive city for children where they can gain new knowledge and skills.</li>
<li><b>"Cosmic" Entertainment Center</b>: Offers many activities for children of different ages.</li>
</ul>
<h2>What to See Nearby</h2><ul>
<li><b>Taras Shevchenko Embankment</b>: A great place for walks and photos with views of Moscow-City.</li>
<li><b>Novodevichy Convent</b>: A UNESCO World Heritage site located near Moscow-City.</li>
<li><b>Victory Park</b>: A memorial complex dedicated to the victory in the Great Patriotic War.</li>
<li><b>Panorama Museum "Borodino Battle"</b>: A museum dedicated to the Battle of Borodino.</li>
</ul>
<h2>History of Creation</h2>
The idea of creating an international business center in Moscow emerged in the early 1990s. Construction began in 1998 on the site of former quarries. The project has changed and evolved multiple times, and today, Moscow-City is a modern complex that continues to develop.

<h2>Transportation Accessibility</h2><ul>
<li><b>Metro</b>: Stations "Vystavochnaya," "Mezhdunarodnaya," "Delovoy Tsentr."</li>
<li><b>Moscow Central Circle (MCC)</b>: Station "Delovoy Tsentr."</li>
<li><b>Car</b>: Convenient access via the Third Transport Ring (TTK) and Kutuzovsky Prospect.</li>
<li><b>Public Transport</b>: Buses and trolleybuses.</li>
</ul>
<h2>Practical Information</h2><ul>
<li><b>Parking</b>: Paid parking is available on the premises of Moscow-City. It is recommended to check parking fees and rules in advance.</li>
<li><b>Dining</b>: Moscow-City offers a wide range of cafes and restaurants – from fast food to gourmet cuisine.</li>
<li><b>Accommodation</b>: Some towers have apartments available for rent or purchase.</li>
</ul>
<h2>Visitor Tips</h2><ul>
<li>Visit the observation deck on a clear day to enjoy the best views.</li>
<li>Book tickets for the observation decks in advance, especially on weekends and holidays.</li>
<li>Take time to walk around the complex to appreciate the architecture and atmosphere.</li>
<li>Visit "Afimall City" for shopping and entertainment.</li>
<li>Use the metro for convenient travel around the city.</li>
</ul>
Moscow-City is a place you must see for yourself. Here, you can feel the pulse of modern Moscow, enjoy panoramic views, visit interesting places, and create unforgettable memories.

Moscow-City

<strong>St. Basil's Cathedral</strong>, or the Cathedral of the Protection of the Most Holy Theotokos on the Moat, is one of the brightest and most famous architectural monuments in Moscow. It not only attracts tourists from all over the world but also deeply associates with Russian culture and history. This cathedral has become a symbol of Russia and its capital's architecture, and its images can be found in various corners of the world. There are many controversial myths and stories related to this building, including those about the fate of its creators, but its uniqueness and grandeur are impossible to ignore.

<h2>History of the Cathedral's Creation</h2>
The history of the cathedral is closely related to the conquest of the Kazan Khanate by Ivan the Terrible. In 1552, on the day of the Protection of the Most Holy Theotokos, Russian troops achieved a decisive victory. In honor of this event, the tsar vowed to erect a majestic cathedral that would immortalize this significant date.

The construction of the stone cathedral began in 1555 and was completed in 1561. On the site of the future cathedral stood the wooden Trinity Church, around which temporary churches were erected during the Kazan campaigns to commemorate the victories. After the final capture of Kazan, it was decided to unite these churches into a single stone ensemble.

<h3>Architects: The Mystery of the Ages</h3>
It is still not exactly known who created this architectural masterpiece. There are several versions:

<ul><li><strong>Barma and Postnik:</strong> The most common version is that the cathedral was built by Russian architects Ivan Barma and Postnik Yakovlev. However, some researchers believe that Barma and Postnik are the same person.</li><li><strong>Foreign Master:</strong> There is also a suggestion that the author of the project could have been an Italian or another European architect, as there are no direct analogs of St. Basil's Cathedral in ancient Russian architecture.</li></ul>

<h2>Architectural Design</h2>
St. Basil's Cathedral impresses with its unusual and complex architectural solution. It consists of nine separate churches, located on a common base – the undercroft. Eight churches are symmetrically arranged around the central church of the Protection of the Most Holy Theotokos. Each church is topped with a unique dome, varying in shape, color, and decoration.

<ul><li><strong>Central Church:</strong> The tallest and most massive, dedicated to the Protection of the Most Holy Theotokos.</li><li><strong>Side Churches:</strong> Dedicated to saints whose feast days coincided with the days of key battles of the Kazan campaign.</li><li><strong>Undercroft:</strong> The lower floor of the cathedral, which previously served as a storage for the royal treasury and valuables.</li><li><strong>Bell Tower:</strong> Added later in the 17th century, it is an octagonal tower with a tented roof.</li></ul>

The exterior of the cathedral is characterized by bright colors and an abundance of decorative elements: arches, kokoshniks, drums, and tiles. All of this creates a unique and memorable image.

The interior of the cathedral is just as impressive as its exterior. The interiors of the churches differ in style, color schemes, and decoration. The walls are adorned with frescoes, icons, and paintings created in different historical periods. The main church features bright onion-shaped domes, which are the hallmark of the building. All decorative elements are made using unique architectural techniques not found in other buildings of that time.

<ul><li><strong>Iconostases:</strong> The cathedral features iconostases from the 16th-19th centuries, which are valuable examples of Russian icon painting.</li><li><strong>Frescoes:</strong> Fragments of 16th-century frescoes and later paintings are preserved on the walls.</li><li><strong>St. Basil's Church:</strong> Inside, there is a carved canopy over the saint's tomb.</li></ul>

The main iconostasis of the cathedral is an important part of its interior decoration. It was created in the late 19th century and is a massive structure with more than four hundred icons painted by famous Moscow and Novgorod masters. The iconostasis is decorated with images of saints and church events, as well as a depiction of St. Basil the Blessed.

<h2>Legends and Myths</h2>
One of the most famous myths about the cathedral is related to its creators. There is a belief that architects Postnik Yakovlev and Ivan Barma were blinded by Ivan the Terrible’s order after he saw how beautiful the cathedral turned out and did not want anyone to build something similar. However, this is just a legend, and there is no confirmation that such events actually took place. There is also a theory that the cathedral was built by foreign architects, as its architectural style has no analogs in Russian architecture of that time.

Another myth is associated with the name of St. Basil the Blessed. It is believed that he collected money for the construction of the cathedral and was such a respected person that his death became a significant event for the city. After his death, Tsar Ivan the Terrible ordered his burial near the walls of the cathedral, and since then the cathedral has borne his name.

<h2>Tragic Moments</h2>
The cathedral has been on the brink of destruction several times. During World War II, the cathedral was damaged by shelling, but it was restored after the war. During the Soviet era, the cathedral faced threats of destruction, especially during the years when mass demonstrations and parades took place on Red Square. One of the major leaders of that time, Lazar Kaganovich, suggested demolishing the cathedral to free space for wider roads and squares. However, Stalin, seeing the value of this architectural masterpiece, ordered the cathedral to remain intact.

<h2>Architectural Significance</h2>
St. Basil's Cathedral is a unique example of 16th-century architecture. It not only reflects the style of that time but also serves as a cultural and historical symbol of Russia. Its unusual form and details became a model for many architects and artists, inspiring a generation of builders to create other buildings in a similar style.

This cathedral is also a symbol of religious faith and patriotism, as it was built in honor of a victory that greatly strengthened the position of the Moscow state. Moreover, the cathedral embodies the idea of spiritual victory and revival, as it was erected after such difficult events for the country.

<h2>Cathedral Today: Museum and Church</h2>
Today, the cathedral is not only a historical monument but also an active Orthodox cathedral. It is part of the State Historical Museum and is an important object of cultural heritage. Every year, thousands of tourists from around the world come to Moscow to admire this unique monument, which rightfully stands as one of the most beautiful and mysterious churches in the world.

The cathedral grounds offer tours that allow visitors to learn more about its history and architectural features. Tours are available for both private visitors and groups, providing an opportunity to familiarize oneself with the culture and history of this remarkable monument.

St. Basil's Cathedral remains one of the most visited landmarks in Moscow and continues to inspire many generations of artists, architects, and believers. It is not just an architectural monument; it is a living history of Russia, embodied in stone and colors. Visiting it is an opportunity to touch the past, feel the spirit of the time, and admire the genius of Russian craftsmen.

<h2>Working Hours:</h2>
The museum's working hours may change, so it is recommended to check the current information on the official website of the State Historical Museum (shm.ru).

<h2>Visiting the Cathedral:</h2>
Entry to the cathedral is paid. Discounts are available for various categories of visitors.

St. Basil's Cathedral

The Moscow Kremlin is one of the most famous historical fortresses in the world, as well as the heart of the Russian capital, a symbol of Russia's power and antiquity. Its unique architecture, rich historical heritage, and significance for the political life of the country make the Kremlin one of Moscow’s most important landmarks and its symbol on the international stage. In this article, we will take a detailed look at the history of the Moscow Kremlin, its architecture, restorations, and changes, as well as its modern-day significance.

<h2>History of the Moscow Kremlin: From Ancient Times to the Present</h2>
The Moscow Kremlin is one of the most famous historical fortresses in the world, as well as the heart of the Russian capital, a symbol of Russia's power and antiquity. Its unique architecture, rich historical heritage, and significance for the political life of the country make the Kremlin one of Moscow’s most important landmarks and its symbol on the international stage. In this article, we will take a detailed look at the history of the Moscow Kremlin, its architecture, restorations, and changes, as well as its modern-day significance.

<h3>Early Settlements</h3>
The Moscow Kremlin is located on Borovitsky Hill, on the high left bank of the Moscow River, and is the oldest part of the city. Its foundation dates back to the 11th-12th centuries, and its development is closely linked to the history of Moscow and all of Rus'.

<h3>First Settlements</h3>
People lived on Borovitsky Hill as early as the Bronze and Iron Ages. Archaeological excavations conducted by the Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences confirmed that settlements existed in this area as early as the 2nd millennium BC. These ancient cultures left behind traces of life that confirm the strategic importance of this place for the first inhabitants of the region.

<h3>Construction of the Fortress</h3>
In 1156, by the order of Grand Prince Yuri Dolgoruky, the first fortification was built on Borovitsky Hill. It consisted of an earth embankment and a wooden wall intended to protect against raids by nomadic peoples. However, in 1238, during the Mongol-Tatar invasion, the fortress was destroyed.

<h3>White-Stone Kremlin</h3>
In the 14th century, when Prince Dmitry Donskoy decided to strengthen Moscow after constant attacks, he ordered the construction of white-stone walls for the Kremlin. These fortifications were much stronger than the previous wooden ones, making Moscow impregnable to enemies. The Kremlin became known as the "White-Stone" Kremlin due to the use of white stone in construction. The walls of the Kremlin, surrounded by several towers, became an important part of the city's defense.

<h3>Construction of the Kremlin during Ivan III's Reign</h3>
A pivotal period for the Kremlin came during the reign of Ivan III in the late 15th century. Ivan III, in strengthening the political position of the Moscow principality, ordered the construction of a new, more durable Kremlin complex, using red-fired brick. This marked the beginning of the famous red-brick walls and towers, most of which have been preserved to this day.

<h2>Architectural Features of the Kremlin</h2>
The modern Kremlin’s architecture combines elements from various historical periods and styles, giving it a sense of grandeur and uniqueness.

<h3>The Kremlin Walls and Towers</h3>
The Kremlin covers an area of 27.5 hectares and is surrounded by over 2 kilometers of walls, some reaching a height of up to 9 meters. Along the walls are towers, each with its own unique history and architectural significance. Among them stand out the Spasskaya Tower with its famous chimes, the Troitskaya and Borovitskaya towers, and the Senate Tower, which is central to the architectural ensemble.

<h3>Cathedral Square and Churches</h3>
Cathedral Square in the Kremlin is the center of religious life in the country. Here, churches built in different historical periods are located, including the Assumption Cathedral, Archangel Cathedral, and Annunciation Cathedral. Each of these churches has deep historical significance and serves as an important symbol of the Orthodox faith in Russia. These cathedrals were used for the coronations of tsars and patriarchs, as well as the main places of worship.

<h3>The Grand Kremlin Palace</h3>
The majestic Grand Kremlin Palace was built in the 19th century and became the residence of the Russian emperors. Today, it serves as the official residence of the President of Russia and is an important symbol of the Russian state.

<h3>Other Significant Buildings</h3>
Among other significant buildings in the Kremlin is the Armory Chamber, which houses collections of jewels and historical artifacts, as well as the Kremlin Palace of Congresses, built during the Soviet era for holding party congresses.

<h2>Restorations and Modern Changes</h2>
The Moscow Kremlin has undergone many restorations and changes throughout its long history. One of the most significant restorations took place in the late 20th century when many elements of Kremlin architecture were restored.

<h3>Restorations in the Soviet Period</h3>
After the October Revolution, the Kremlin lost some of its former significance as the center of power. However, during the Soviet years, many new buildings were constructed, such as the Kremlin Palace of Congresses, and efforts were made to improve and strengthen the Kremlin's walls and towers.

<h3>Restorations in the 21st Century</h3>
Since 1991, after the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Kremlin became the residence of the President of the Russian Federation. In recent decades, efforts have been made to restore the historic appearance of the Kremlin. In the 2000s, restoration works were carried out on the Kremlin's walls and towers, and some important elements of the historical architecture, such as the Red Porch of the Granovitaya Palace, were restored.

<h2>The Moscow Kremlin in Contemporary Political Life</h2>
Today, the Kremlin represents the center of political power in Russia. It serves as the official residence of the President of the country and as the venue for significant state events. The Kremlin is where crucial decisions for the country are made. Every event that takes place within the walls of this ancient fortress is of great importance to all of Russia and the international community.

<h2>Significance of the Kremlin as a Tourist Attraction</h2>
The Moscow Kremlin attracts millions of tourists every year. Visiting it is not only an opportunity to learn about Russian history but also a chance to see unique architectural landmarks, ancient churches, and palaces. Tours of the Kremlin help visitors immerse themselves in the atmosphere of the ancient city and feel its historical significance.

Furthermore, the Kremlin is an important cultural center, hosting exhibitions, concerts, and other events that introduce visitors to Russian culture and history.

<h2>Conclusion</h2>
The Moscow Kremlin is not only a symbol of Russia’s grandeur but also a historical heritage that reflects all stages of the country’s development. Its walls preserve thousands of years of history, architectural transformations, and political decisions. Today, the Kremlin continues to be the most important center of Russian power and culture, attracting the attention of tourists and researchers from all over the world.

Whether through a tour of ancient churches or by examining archaeological excavations, the Kremlin offers each visitor a unique journey into Russia’s past, one that is unforgettable.

Moscow Kremlin

The Mausoleum of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin is one of the most recognizable historical landmarks in Moscow and a symbol of the Soviet era. This unique structure, located on <a href="https://findit.city/en/russia/moscow/leisure/tourism/sights/red-square/description">Red Square</a>, serves as the tomb of the leader of the October Revolution. For over 100 years, Lenin's body has been preserved in a transparent sarcophagus at this site. The Mausoleum has become not only an important monument to Russian history but also a subject of much debate regarding its appropriateness and future.

<h2>History of Lenin's Mausoleum</h2>
On January 21, 1924, Vladimir Ilyich Lenin passed away. This event shocked the country and caused a strong reaction both within the Soviet Union and abroad. Shortly after Lenin's death, it was decided not to bury him immediately but to preserve his body in a specially constructed mausoleum for public viewing.

Initially, a temporary wooden mausoleum was built. Architect Alexey Shchusev was tasked with creating the design, and within a few days, the wooden structure was completed. It was built in the shape of a cube with two side extensions and became a symbol of mourning and respect for the deceased leader. Lenin's body was housed in this mausoleum until 1930, when it was decided to build a more grand and durable stone structure.

A competition for the design of the stone mausoleum was held in 1925, and despite numerous proposals, the final decision was made in favor of Shchusev's design, which he had prepared for the first version of the mausoleum. The new stone structure was completed in 1930 and was significantly larger and taller than its wooden predecessor. The stone building symbolized not only the memory of Lenin but also the grandeur of Soviet power.

<h2>Architecture of the Mausoleum</h2>
Lenin's Mausoleum is one of the prominent examples of Russian avant-garde architecture. Its shape resembles a stepped pyramid, which evokes associations with ancient ceremonial buildings. The primary materials used in the construction include granite, marble, and labradorite, which give the mausoleum a majestic and monumental appearance.

The facade of the building features the succinct inscription "LENIN," made from black granite. The interior space is also decorated in a strict and restrained style. The funeral hall with the sarcophagus is adorned with red porphyry and black labradorite. These materials symbolize the red flags associated with the revolution and the proletarian movement. In the sarcophagus, placed at the center of the hall, lies Lenin's body, surrounded by semi-darkness, which intensifies the tragic atmosphere.

The body of the revolutionary leader is kept in a glass sarcophagus, where optimal conditions for preservation are maintained. To ensure this, a specialized scientific research laboratory operates at the mausoleum, where specialists carefully monitor temperature and humidity to prevent the deterioration of the remains.

<h2>How to Get There</h2>
Lenin's Mausoleum is located in the very center of Moscow, on Red Square, next to the <a href="https://findit.city/en/russia/moscow/leisure/tourism/sights/moscow-kremlin/description">Kremlin Wall</a>. The nearest metro stations are "Okhotny Ryad," "Teatralnaya," and "Ploshchad Revolyutsii," all of which are within walking distance of the mausoleum. For those who prefer public transport, the convenient bus stops are "Red Square" and "Manezh Square," which are serviced by several bus routes.

If you plan to travel by car, be aware that parking near the mausoleum is quite difficult to find. The most convenient parking areas are near GUM and TSUM, as well as in the <a href="https://findit.city/en/russia/moscow/leisure/recreation/parks/zaryadye-park/description">Zaryadye Park</a>.

<h2>Opening Hours</h2>
The Mausoleum of Lenin is open for visits four times a week: on Tuesdays, Wednesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays from 10:00 AM to 1:00 PM. It is closed on Mondays and Fridays. Given the relatively short operating hours, lines can form on some days, especially on weekends and public holidays. Therefore, it is recommended to arrive 30-40 minutes before opening to avoid long waits.

To visit the mausoleum, visitors must go through a security checkpoint, where documents are checked, and visitors pass through a metal detector. Photography and mobile phones are prohibited. Visitors can leave their belongings in a cloakroom near the mausoleum.

<h2>Questions about the Preservation of Lenin's Body</h2>
In recent decades, there has been ongoing debate in Russia about the future preservation of Lenin's body in the mausoleum. Some believe that his presence is an integral part of historical heritage and important for preserving the memory of the October Revolution. Others argue that the body should be buried, as its presence in the mausoleum does not align with modern moral and ethical standards.

Patriarch Alexy II and other high-ranking figures have expressed support for Lenin's burial, but this issue has not yet been resolved. In 1993, official guard duty at the entrance to the mausoleum was removed, and since 1991, the maintenance of the mausoleum has been funded by non-budgetary means, including through a special fund.

<h2>Guided Tours and Visiting the Mausoleum</h2>
The Mausoleum of Lenin is not only an important historical monument but also a popular tourist attraction. Tours of the mausoleum can be organized either individually or in groups. Since visits to the mausoleum are limited in time, it is worth checking the schedule and visiting rules in advance.

In addition to the mausoleum itself, there are many other attractions near Red Square worth visiting. These include the Kremlin, <a href="https://findit.city/en/russia/moscow/leisure/tourism/sights/st-basils-cathedral/description">St. Basil's Cathedral</a>, the Historical Museum, and Zaryadye Park. Red Square itself is an important historical and cultural center, and visiting the mausoleum can easily be combined with a walk around these famous sites.

<h2>Conclusion</h2>
Lenin's Mausoleum on Red Square is not just a memorial but an essential part of the history of Russia and the world. On one hand, this monument symbolizes the grandeur of Soviet power, while on the other, it sparks many debates about its relevance in the modern world. Despite differing opinions, the mausoleum remains an important tourist destination, offering visitors a chance to connect with the events and individuals that had a profound impact on the course of world history.

Mausoleum of Lenin

VDNKh is a unique complex that combines architectural grandeur, a historical atmosphere, and a modern variety of entertainment. This vast open-air museum, located in the heart of Moscow, is a symbol of the achievements of the national economy and an important cultural center of the country. VDNKh attracts millions of visitors every year, offering its guests not only walks among Soviet architectural monuments but also rich educational, entertainment, and sports programs.

In this article, we will tell you about the history of the creation of this legendary place, its transformations over the decades, modern opportunities, and unique facts that make VDNKh an unforgettable place to visit. Here you will learn how to get to the complex, what to do on its grounds year-round, and why it is considered one of Moscow's main attractions.

<h2>History of VDNKh</h2>
VDNKh (Exhibition of Achievements of National Economy) is one of the most famous and significant complexes in Moscow. Its history spans over 85 years, beginning in 1935 when the decision was made to create the All-Union Agricultural Exhibition. Initially, the location was chosen from several options, including <a href="https://findit.city/en/russia/moscow/leisure/recreation/parks/sokolniki-park/description">Sokolniki</a>, Krasnaya Presnya, and the Lenin Hills, but the final choice fell on the north of Moscow. The exhibition area is closely linked with the Timiryazev Agricultural Academy and the unique natural features of the area.

The opening of VDNKh took place on August 1, 1939. In its early years, the exhibition operated seasonally, but World War II brought changes: the pavilions were converted into warehouses and barracks, and the area suffered from wartime damage. After the war, large-scale reconstruction began, which was completed in 1954. It was then that VDNKh acquired its famous appearance, including monumental pavilions and thematic zones.

In 1959, the exhibition was reorganized, dividing it into agricultural and industrial sections, which contributed to its further development. In subsequent decades, VDNKh underwent several renamings and reconstructions. In the 1990s, with the collapse of the USSR, the exhibition experienced a crisis. Many pavilions were rented out as retail spaces, and some unique exhibits were lost. However, starting in 2014, VDNKh regained its status as a cultural and educational center.

<h2>Current State</h2>
Today, VDNKh occupies an area of 235 hectares and includes more than 20 museums, scientific centers, lecture halls, a petting zoo, an amusement park, the Moskvarium oceanarium, interactive platforms, and much more. After extensive reconstruction, recreational areas were improved, illegal structures were removed, and the borders between VDNKh, the Botanical Garden, and Ostankino Park became indistinct, creating a unified space for walking.

One of the main symbols of VDNKh remains the "Worker and Kolkhoz Woman" sculpture, created by Vera Mukhina and Boris Iofan. This monument was first presented at the 1937 World's Fair in Paris and later installed in Moscow. Another iconic feature is the "Friendship of Peoples" fountain, adorned with figures of women in national costumes representing the Soviet republics.

<h2>Main Attractions</h2><ul>
  <li><strong>Pavilion "Cosmos":</strong> A historic building showcasing exhibitions dedicated to space exploration. Here you can see models of spacecraft and enjoy interactive programs, including a space flight simulator.</li>
  <li><strong>Moskvarium:</strong> One of Europe's largest oceanariums, home to over 600 species of marine animals, including sharks, belugas, rays, and seahorses. It is ideal for educational excursions and family outings.</li>
  <li><strong>City Farm:</strong> A unique venue where children and adults can interact with animals, learn about agriculture, and participate in workshops.</li>
  <li><strong>Robostation:</strong> An interactive exhibition featuring robots from different countries. Visitors can interact with robots, play games, and even build their own robot.</li>
  <li><strong>"Stone Flower" Fountain:</strong> A stunning example of Soviet monumental art that adorns the central part of the exhibition. In the evening, the fountains are illuminated, creating an unforgettable atmosphere.</li></ul>
<h2>VDNKh Year-Round</h2>
In winter, VDNKh hosts one of Russia's largest ice rinks, "Rocket." Ice shows, parties, and sports events are held there. Fans of active recreation can also enjoy tubing hills and snowball arenas.

In summer, VDNKh becomes a paradise for cyclists and pedestrians. Bicycle and boat rentals, a rope park, and open-air gyms are available. Festivals, fairs, and open-air concerts are often held on the alleys.

<h2>How to Get There</h2>
VDNKh is located at 119 Prospekt Mira, Moscow. The nearest metro stations are "VDNKh" and "Botanical Garden." Numerous buses and trams also serve the area. Multi-level parking is available for drivers.

<h2>Interesting Facts</h2><ul>
  <li>The first tree on the alleys of VDNKh was planted by cosmonaut Pavel Belyaev in memory of Yuri Gagarin.</li>
  <li>The "Vostok" rocket installed at VDNKh is a replica of the spacecraft on which Yuri Gagarin made his historic flight.</li>
  <li>In the "Cosmos" pavilion, you can try real space food in tubes.</li>
  <li>VDNKh has often been a filming location for iconic movies, including "The Foundling," "The Swineherd and the Shepherd," and "Hipsters."</li></ul>
<h2>Why Visit VDNKh?</h2><ul>
  <li><strong>Unique Atmosphere:</strong> A blend of history and modernity creates a unique ambiance.</li>
  <li><strong>Variety of Entertainment:</strong> There's something for everyone to enjoy.</li>
  <li><strong>Great for Family Outings:</strong> Many playgrounds, museums, and educational programs for kids.</li>
  <li><strong>Relaxing in Nature:</strong> Well-maintained parks and ponds invite leisurely walks.</li>
  <li><strong>Informative Experience:</strong> Learn a lot of new and interesting things.</li></ul>
<h2>Conclusion</h2>
VDNKh is not just a monument to the Soviet era but also a modern space where everyone can find something interesting. Here you can immerse yourself in history, enjoy nature, explore new technologies, or simply spend time with your family. Don't forget to visit the official VDNKh website (www.vdnh.ru) to learn about upcoming events and plan your visit.

VDNKh

The Tretyakov Gallery is one of the largest museums in Russia, with a collection of more than 180,000 works of art. The Tretyakov Gallery's collection is considered one of the most significant in the world, and each work of art within it has a unique history. The museum was founded in the mid-19th century by the Tretyakov brothers as a private collection, and over time it became an important cultural center in Moscow. Today, the Tretyakov Gallery continues to attract people who wish to learn about the rich heritage of Russian painting and discover more about great artists and their works.

<h2>History of the Museum's Origins</h2>
The roots of the Tretyakov Gallery trace back to the mid-19th century. In 1851, Pavel and Sergey Tretyakov purchased a mansion in Lavrushinsky Lane, marking the beginning of one of the largest private collections of Russian art. Pavel Tretyakov began his active collecting in 1856, primarily acquiring works by domestic artists. These early acquisitions laid the foundation for what would become the future Tretyakov Gallery – a unique collection that reflects the development of Russian painting.

Inspired by the idea of creating a gallery, Pavel Mikhaylovich opened it for public viewing in 1867. With each passing year, the number of paintings grew, and the collection expanded. In 1872, Tretyakov added an additional wing to the building to house the growing gallery, and in the 1880s, construction continued according to the design of architect A.S. Kaminsky.

In 1892, Pavel Mikhaylovich Tretyakov donated his collection, which by then included over a thousand paintings, to Moscow. As a result, the gallery became a state museum, and Tretyakov became its lifelong curator.

<h2>Development of the Gallery in the 20th Century</h2>
After the 1917 revolution, the Tretyakov Gallery became part of the state museum system, which allowed it to continue developing despite the turbulent historical events. The museum's collection grew significantly through the confiscation of private collections and donations. The construction of a new wing in 1936, designed by architect A.V. Shchusev, became a key step in expanding the exhibition space and the storage for works of art.

During World War II, the Tretyakov Gallery underwent severe trials. Much of the collection was evacuated to safe regions, such as Novosibirsk and Perm. The museum building itself was repeatedly targeted in air raids. Despite the destruction, the museum managed to resume its operations, and by 1944, the lost exhibits began to return, and exhibitions were partially restored.

In the 1980s, the Tretyakov Gallery entered a new phase of development. The construction of the "New Tretyakov Gallery" on Krymsky Val significantly expanded exhibition spaces and included 20th-century art in the museum’s collection. This enriched the gallery’s holdings with works from various artistic movements, such as avant-garde, socialist realism, and Soviet modernism.

<h2>Architecture of the Tretyakov Gallery</h2>
The gallery building in Lavrushinsky Lane became one of the symbols of Moscow's architecture from the late 19th to early 20th centuries. Its appearance, which changed several times through reconstructions, has always remained recognizable. The project by Viktor Vasnetsov played a special role in shaping the modern appearance of the gallery, giving the building monumentality and expressiveness. After the revolution, the gallery was converted into a museum, and in the following years, it was significantly expanded. The reconstruction, completed in 1995, created a modern museum complex on Krymsky Val.

<h2>Collections and Exhibitions</h2>
Today, the Tretyakov Gallery’s collection includes more than 180,000 works of art, including paintings, sculptures, graphics, and decorative arts. Among the most famous works on display are masterpieces by such artists as Ilya Repin, Vasily Surikov, Alexander Ivanov, Ivan Shishkin, Vasily Vereshchagin, Viktor Vasnetsov, and many others.

The main part of the collection is dedicated to Russian art. In the historical building on Lavrushinsky Lane, you can see paintings spanning the period from ancient Russian icons to the end of the 19th century. Here you can view masterpieces such as Andrei Rublev's "Trinity," Ivan Kramskoy's "The Unknown Woman," Valentin Serov's "Girl with Peaches," and Alexander Ivanov's "The Appearance of Christ to the People."

The New Tretyakov Gallery on Krymsky Val showcases 20th-century art. It exhibits works by avant-garde artists, Russian modernists, and Soviet and post-Soviet artists. This building houses the largest modern art museum in Russia, with works by artists such as Kazimir Malevich, Wassily Kandinsky, Marc Chagall, and Boris Kustodiev.

Additionally, the Tretyakov Gallery holds a collection of Russian sculpture and decorative arts, including jewelry and antique furniture.

<h2>Museum Activities and Public Programs</h2>
The Tretyakov Gallery not only preserves masterpieces of art but also plays an active role in the educational and cultural life of Moscow. The museum regularly hosts exhibitions, lectures, master classes, concerts, and other cultural events that attract thousands of visitors.

Notable projects carried out by the museum include children's master classes that introduce kids to the world of painting and help develop their creative abilities. Furthermore, the Tretyakov Gallery works closely with researchers and restorers, participating in major scientific projects focused on the restoration of works of art.

<h2>Gallery Buildings</h2>
Today, the Tretyakov Gallery occupies several buildings:

<ul><li><strong>Main building on Lavrushinsky Lane</strong> – the historical site where Tretyakov's original collection was housed. It displays works by Russian artists from the ancient Russian period to the early 20th century.</li>
<li><strong>New Tretyakov Gallery on Krymsky Val</strong> – a modern building housing 20th-century art. Here you can view works by avant-garde artists, socialist realists, and others.</li>
<li><strong>Engineering Wing</strong> – a building adjacent to the main complex. It hosts temporary exhibitions and various cultural events.</li></ul>
<h2>What to See at the Tretyakov Gallery</h2>
At the Tretyakov Gallery, you can see works by some of the most famous Russian artists:
<ul><li><strong>Andrei Rublev:</strong> The icon "Trinity" – one of the greatest masterpieces of ancient Russian art.</li>
<li><strong>Ivan Kramskoy:</strong> The painting "The Unknown Woman" – a mysterious portrait that continues to fascinate art historians.</li>
<li><strong>Vasily Surikov:</strong> Historical paintings such as "Boyaryna Morozova" and "The Conquest of Siberia by Yermak."</li>
<li><strong>Ilya Repin:</strong> Realist paintings that reflect the life of the Russian people.</li>
<li><strong>Vasily Vasnetsov:</strong> Fairy-tale paintings celebrating Russian history and mythology.</li>
<li><strong>Mikhail Nesterov:</strong> Religious and portrait works filled with spirituality.</li>
<li><strong>Isaac Levitan:</strong> Landscapes capturing the beauty of Russian nature.</li></ul>
<h2>Why Visit</h2><ul>
<li><strong>Dive into the history of Russian art:</strong> The Tretyakov Gallery is a unique place where you can trace the development of Russian art from its origins to the present day.</li>
<li><strong>Discover masterpieces of world culture:</strong> Many works from the Tretyakov Gallery's collection are known worldwide.</li>
<li><strong>Inspiration and aesthetic pleasure:</strong> The paintings of Russian artists evoke deep emotions and inspire new discoveries.</li>
<li><strong>Educational programs:</strong> The gallery offers various educational programs, lectures, and master classes to help visitors gain a deeper understanding of art.</li></ul>
<h2>The Tretyakov Gallery Today</h2>
The Tretyakov Gallery is rightfully considered one of the largest museums in the world and an important cultural center in Moscow. More than 1.5 million people visit the museum annually. It is a place where culture and history, art and science meet, and everyone who visits can feel connected to the great Russian cultural tradition.

Today, the gallery includes several branches in addition to the main building on Lavrushinsky Lane and the New Tretyakov Gallery on Krymsky Val, such as the Viktor Vasnetsov House Museum, the A. Vasnetsov Museum Apartment, and others.

The Tretyakov Gallery is not only a place for art lovers but also a vital cultural institution that continues to grow, opening new horizons for Russian and world painting.

The Tretyakov Gallery

Moscow is a city with a rich history and culture, renowned for its museums, theaters, and architectural landmarks. Among its many attractions, a special place is held by the Moscow Metro—not just a transportation system but a true underground city, stunning in its beauty and grandeur. Millions of passengers descend daily to use the fastest and most reliable means of transportation in the metropolis, but for many visitors to the capital, the metro also becomes a unique tourist destination.

<h2>Moscow Metro – A Museum Underground</h2>
The Moscow Metro is not just an underground system; it's an entire world where each station is a unique masterpiece. The grand vestibules, adorned with marble and granite, mosaics, stained glass, sculptures, and bas-reliefs, create the atmosphere of a true palace. It's no wonder that many tourists come to Moscow just to see this magnificence with their own eyes.

Special attention is paid to details: from elegant chandeliers and wrought-iron grilles to mosaic panels and sculptural compositions. The design of the stations involved the best artists, sculptors, and architects of their time, creating true masterpieces that reflect the country's history, culture, and achievements.

<h2>The Most Famous Stations – Gems of the Metro</h2>
Not all stations are equally well-known, but some stand out as true gems worth seeing:

<ul><li><strong>“Kievskaya” (Circle Line):</strong> This station is dedicated to the friendship between the Russian and Ukrainian peoples. Its interior is decorated with mosaic panels and frescoes depicting scenes from Ukrainian life.</li>
  <li><strong>“Mayakovskaya”:</strong> A station in the Art Deco style, it impresses with its elegant columns clad in Ural stone and mosaic ceilings depicting “Soviet Sky of the Day.”</li>
  <li><strong>“Ploshchad Revolyutsii”:</strong> One of the most recognizable stations thanks to its 76 bronze statues depicting people of various professions and social classes.</li>
  <li><strong>“Komsomolskaya” (Circle Line):</strong> A majestic station in Stalinist Empire style, adorned with mosaic panels dedicated to Russian military leaders.</li>
  <li><strong>“Novoslobodskaya”:</strong> Famous for its stained-glass windows designed by artist P.D. Korin.</li></ul>
These and many other stations of the Moscow Metro are architectural and artistic monuments that attract tourists from all over the world.

<h2>Metro Tours – A Chance to Learn More</h2>
For those who want to learn more about the history and architecture of the Moscow Metro, special guided tours are available. Experienced guides share details about construction, architectural styles, materials used, and the symbolic meaning of decorative elements. These tours are an excellent way to immerse yourself in the atmosphere of the underground city and discover fascinating details.

<h2>People's Museum of Moscow Metro History</h2>
Located at the "Sportivnaya" station, the People's Museum of Moscow Metro History showcases unique exhibits about the metro's construction and development, the people who created it, and how its appearance has evolved over the decades.

<h2>Moscow Metro in Numbers and Facts</h2><ul>
  <li>The first Moscow Metro line was opened on May 15, 1935.</li>
  <li>Today, the metro comprises 15 lines and 271 stations.</li>
  <li>The total length of the lines exceeds 466 km.</li>
  <li>The Moscow Metro is the busiest in Europe and one of the busiest in the world.</li>
  <li>Train intervals during peak hours can be as short as 90 seconds, among the shortest in the world.</li>
  <li>Over 40 stations of the Moscow Metro are cultural heritage sites.</li></ul>
<h2>The Metro During the War</h2>
During the Great Patriotic War, the Moscow Metro played a vital role in the city's life. Stations served as bomb shelters for thousands of people. Hospitals, libraries, and even stores were set up underground. The metro became a symbol of the resilience and courage of Muscovites during those difficult times.

<h2>Architectural Diversity</h2>
The architecture of the Moscow Metro showcases great diversity of styles. The first stations built in the 1930s were simple in design, but even then, marble and granite were used in their construction. In the 1940s and 1950s, during the era of Stalinist Empire style, the most luxurious stations were built, adorned with stucco, bronze, stained glass, and mosaics. In subsequent years, metro architecture became more functional and simple, but recent decades have seen a return to creating unique and memorable stations.

<h2>Unique Features</h2>
The Moscow Metro is renowned not only for its architecture but also for technological innovations. Modern stations like "Nizhegorodskaya" and "Salaryevo" are equipped with elevators for people with reduced mobility, interactive panels, and other amenities. The Big Circle Line is one of the most ambitious infrastructure projects in recent years, making city travel even more convenient.

<h2>Useful Information for Tourists</h2><ul>
  <li>The Moscow Metro operates from 5:30 AM to 1:00 AM.</li>
  <li>A single ride costs 63 rubles (as of 2025). Various ticket types are available, including multi-ride tickets and travel cards for specific periods.</li>
  <li>Navigation in the metro is straightforward thanks to clear maps and signs.</li>
  <li>Metro rules must be observed by all passengers.</li></ul>
<h2>Combining Metro Visits with Other Attractions</h2>
Thanks to the extensive metro network, reaching any part of the city is easy. Nearly every station in the city center is close to landmarks, museums, theaters, and parks.

<h2>Moscow Metro – More Than Just Transport, a Symbol of the City</h2>
The Moscow Metro is not just a fast and convenient mode of transport but also a unique monument of history, architecture, and art. It is a true underground city that impresses with its beauty and grandeur. Visiting the Moscow Metro is a must for any tourist in Moscow. It's an opportunity to not only travel quickly and comfortably around the city but also touch history, see real works of art, and create unforgettable memories.

Moscow Metro

The Ostankino Tower is one of the most recognizable symbols of Moscow and all of Russia. It is a true masterpiece of architecture and technology, which has been impressing with its scale and functionality for more than half a century. With a height of 540.1 meters, it remains the tallest structure in Europe and ranks 14th in the world. Today, the Ostankino Tower is a center for television and radio broadcasting, as well as a popular tourist attraction that attracts millions of visitors every year.

<h2>Construction History</h2>
The idea of building a new television tower in Moscow arose in the 1950s, when it became clear that the Shukhov Tower on Shabolovka could no longer cope with the growing demands of television. The signal from the old tower covered only Moscow and the nearest suburbs, but a more powerful solution was needed for the entire country.

In 1955, the Council of Ministers of the USSR issued a decree on the construction of a new television center. Initially, it was planned to build the tower in the Cheryomushki district, but due to unsuitable soil, the construction site was moved to Ostankino. The tower's design was developed by the outstanding engineer Nikolai Nikitin. According to legend, he came up with the concept of the tower in just one night, inspired by the image of an inverted lily.

Construction began in 1960 and continued for seven years. The tower was officially opened on November 5, 1967, to mark the 50th anniversary of the October Revolution. At the time of its completion, the Ostankino Tower became the tallest in the world, surpassing the previous record holder—the Eiffel Tower in Paris.

<h2>The Ostankino Tower Today</h2>
Today, the Ostankino Tower is not only an important facility for television and radio broadcasting but also a popular tourist attraction. The tower features observation decks that offer panoramic views of Moscow. There is also a restaurant and a museum dedicated to the history of television broadcasting.

The Ostankino Tower is a symbol of Moscow and one of the city's most recognizable landmarks. It attracts attention with its height, unique architecture, and fascinating history.

<h2>Architecture and Design</h2>
The Ostankino Tower is a true symbol of engineering genius and architectural beauty. Its design, based on the principle of prestressed concrete, makes the tower not only strong but also remarkably stable. This combination of technological boldness and aesthetic harmony sets it apart from other structures.

The tower's architecture is meticulously thought out, combining functionality and visual appeal. It consists of three key elements: the base, the shaft, and the spire.

The base is designed as a ten-petal structure, which provides the tower with the necessary stability. The shaft, resembling a hollow cylinder, houses technical rooms and elevators that provide access to the heights. The spire, made of metal, not only completes the architectural appearance but also serves as a place for antennas and other equipment.<ul>
<li><strong>Height:</strong> 540.1 meters (including the flagpole).</li>
<li><strong>Weight:</strong> 55 thousand tons.</li>
<li><strong>Foundation:</strong> depth of only 4.6 meters, which was a challenge for engineers.</li>
<li><strong>Supports:</strong> 10 "petals" that ensure the stability of the structure.</li>
<li><strong>Observation decks:</strong> located at heights of 337 and 340 meters.</li></ul>
The tower can withstand an earthquake of up to 8 magnitude and hurricane winds with speeds of up to 40 meters per second. The maximum allowable deviation of the tower's top from the vertical is 14 meters, although the actual deviation has never exceeded 6 meters, even during strong hurricanes.

<h2>Interesting Facts</h2><ul>
<li><strong>Lightning and wind:</strong> The tower attracts lightning—it is struck up to 40 times a year. The top of the tower withstands the strongest winds, and its design allows it to deviate several meters without compromising stability.</li>
<li><strong>High-speed elevators:</strong> The tower's elevators ascend at a speed of 7 meters per second. They are among the fastest elevators in the world.</li>
<li><strong>Restaurant "7th Heaven":</strong> At a height of 328–334 meters, there is a revolving restaurant that completes a full rotation in 40 minutes.</li>
<li><strong>Fire of 2000:</strong> On August 27, 2000, a major fire broke out in the tower, destroying three floors and resulting in the deaths of three people. The restoration of the tower took several years.</li>
<li><strong>Media facade:</strong> In 2014, LED screens were installed on the tower, which are used for festive lighting and advertising.</li></ul>
<h2>What to See</h2>
<h3>Observation Decks:</h3><ul>
<li>An enclosed deck at a height of 337 meters with a transparent floor, offering a panoramic view of Moscow.</li>
<li>An open deck at a height of 340 meters, operating during the warmer months.</li></ul>
<h3>Restaurant "7th Heaven":</h3>
The restaurant offers not only exquisite dishes but also a unique opportunity to enjoy views of Moscow from a bird's-eye perspective.
On the first floor, there is a museum where you can learn about the history of the tower's construction, its architectural features, and interesting facts.

<h3>Gallery of Stars:</h3>
In front of the tower's entrance, there is a gallery with the names of famous journalists and TV presenters who have contributed to the development of Russian television.

<h2>How to Get There</h2>
The Ostankino Tower is located at: Moscow, Akademika Koroleva Street, Building 15, Block 2.<ul>
<li><strong>By metro:</strong> The nearest stations are "VDNKh" and "Alekseevskaya." From the "VDNKh" station, you can take buses T36 or T73 to the "Telecenter" stop.</li>
<li><strong>By car:</strong> There is a paid parking lot near the tower.</li></ul>
<h2>Visiting Rules</h2><ul>
<li>The tower is open daily from 10:00 to 23:00.</li>
<li>Tickets can be purchased online on the official website or at the ticket office.</li>
<li>Separate tickets are required to visit the observation decks and the restaurant.</li>
<li>Children under 6 years old, pregnant women, and people with limited physical abilities are not allowed on the observation decks.</li></ul>
<h2>Conclusion</h2>
The Ostankino Tower is not just an engineering marvel but also a symbol of scientific and technological progress and architectural mastery. It continues to be an important center for television and radio broadcasting, as well as one of Moscow's main attractions. Visiting the tower is an opportunity to see the capital from a bird's-eye view, enjoy unique vistas, and feel a part of history.

The Ostankino Tower

State Historical Museum

<b>Tsar Bell</b> — one of the most recognizable symbols of the Moscow Kremlin and the largest bell in Russia. Its height exceeds 6 meters (about three and a half human heights), and its weight reaches <b>202 tons</b>. Surprisingly, this giant has never rung: history decided otherwise. Today, the Tsar Bell has become not only a monument of 18th-century foundry art but also one of the most popular attractions of the capital.

<h2>What is it?</h2>
The Tsar Bell was cast in the 18th century by order of Empress <b>Anna Ioannovna</b>. The masters decorated it with <b>relief images</b>, inscriptions, and ornaments. On its surface, you can see portraits of tsars and saints, making it a true work of art.

A special attraction for tourists is the <b>broken fragment weighing 11 tons</b>, placed nearby. Thanks to this “scar of history,” the bell looks even more majestic, and visitors of the Kremlin often ask: “Why did it crack?”

<h2>History of the Tsar Bell</h2>
The tradition of casting ever larger bells existed in Russia for several centuries:

<ul><li>Ivan III commissioned an 8-ton bell,</li>
<li>Vasili III — a 16-ton bell,</li>
<li>Ivan the Terrible — a 35-ton bell,</li>
<li>Aleksey Mikhailovich — a 128-ton bell.</li></ul>
But the record was set by <b>Anna Ioannovna</b>.

Work began in 1733 under the supervision of master <b>Ivan Motorin</b>. After his death, his son Mikhail continued the project. About 200 people took part in the creation: blacksmiths, founders, sculptors, carvers.

The bell was cast right in the Kremlin, in a foundry pit on Ivanovskaya Square. But they were never able to lift it onto the bell tower.

<h3>The Trinity Fire of 1737</h3>
In 1737, a <b>Trinity Fire</b> broke out. To save the bell from melting, people poured cold water over it. The sudden temperature drop caused cracks, and a piece weighing 11.5 tons broke off.

For more than a hundred years, the bell lay in the ground. Only in 1836 did engineer <b>Auguste Montferrand</b> raise it and install it on a pedestal near the Ivan the Great Bell Tower, where it remains to this day.

<h2>Interesting facts</h2>
<ul><li>The bell weighs <b>202 tons</b>, its diameter is <b>6.6 m</b>, and its height is <b>6.14 m</b>.</li>
<li>The alloy contains gold (72 kg) and silver (525 kg).</li>
<li>The bell has never been used for its intended purpose.</li>
<li>In 2016, scientists from the USA modeled its sound: the Tsar Bell’s “voice” would be deep and booming, audible for many kilometers.</li></ul>

<h2>What to do at the Tsar Bell?</h2>
<ul><li>Take impressive photos next to the giant.</li>
<li>Touch the metal and feel the scale of 18th-century craftsmanship.</li>
<li>Examine the decorative reliefs and inscriptions.</li>
<li>Try to lift the broken fragment — though at 11 tons, it’s impossible.</li></ul>

<h2>Practical information</h2>
<ul><li><b>Location:</b> Moscow Kremlin, Ivanovskaya Square.</li>
<li><b>How to get there:</b> the most convenient way is by metro — stations “Aleksandrovsky Sad” or “Biblioteka Imeni Lenina.”</li>
<li><b>Opening hours:</b> from May 15 to September 30 — 9:00 to 17:00, in winter — 9:30 to 16:30. Closed on Thursdays.</li>
<li><b>Tickets:</b> visiting Cathedral Square costs 700 RUB (discounted ticket — 500 RUB, children under 16 — free).</li></ul>

<h2>What to combine the visit with?</h2>
Near the Tsar Bell you can find:
<ul><li>the equally famous <b>Tsar Cannon</b>,</li>
<li>the Ivan the Great Bell Tower,</li>
<li>ancient Kremlin cathedrals,</li>
<li>the Armoury Chamber and the Diamond Fund.</li></ul>
After the tour, it’s worth taking a walk across <b>Red Square</b> — Moscow’s main landmark.

<h2>When to visit?</h2>
The best time to visit is during the warm season, when you can freely walk around the Kremlin. But even in winter, the Tsar Bell is impressive, especially against the backdrop of snow-covered walls and cathedrals.

<h2>Conclusion</h2>
<b>The Tsar Bell</b> is not just a bell, but a <b>symbol of Russian history, ambition, and craftsmanship</b>. It has never rung, yet it still became the “voice” of Russia, telling stories of the past and attracting millions of tourists.

Visiting the Tsar Bell is a must-see on any trip to Moscow.

Tsar Bell

<strong>Tsar Cannon</strong> is one of the most recognizable symbols of Moscow and all of Russia. This giant 16th-century weapon is kept in the Moscow Kremlin and attracts tourists from all over the world. The enormous bronze bombard is listed in the Guinness Book of Records as the largest-caliber artillery piece in the world.

<h3>Where is the Tsar Cannon located?</h3>
Today the cannon is situated on <strong>Ivanovskaya (Cathedral) Square of the Kremlin</strong>, next to another famous monument — the Tsar Bell. It is accessible to all visitors of the Kremlin architectural ensemble.

<h3>History of creation</h3>
The Tsar Cannon was cast in 1586 at the Cannon Court in Moscow by order of Tsar <strong>Fyodor Ioannovich</strong>. The author was the renowned master caster <strong>Andrey Chokhov</strong>.

Immediately after casting, the cannon was installed on Red Square. To transport the 39-ton weapon, hundreds of horses and special wooden rollers were required. Initially, it was meant to defend the Kremlin, but its design was more suitable for sieges — breaking fortress walls with stone cannonballs.

<h3>Did the Tsar Cannon ever fire?</h3>
The question of whether the Tsar Cannon was ever used remains a mystery. For a long time, it was believed that it never fired. During research in the 20th century, traces of gunpowder were found inside the barrel, suggesting at least one shot. However, modern restorers concluded that the cannon was never fully prepared for combat and served more as a symbol of power and intimidation than as a real weapon.

<hr>
<h3>Description and dimensions</h3>
<ul><li><strong>Barrel length</strong> — 5.34 m</li>
<li><strong>Caliber</strong> — 890 mm</li>
<li><strong>Weight</strong> — 39.31 t</li>
<li><strong>Outer barrel diameter</strong> — 120 cm</li></ul>
The barrel is cast from bronze, mounted on a decorative cast-iron carriage adorned with ornamentation and lion head images. On the sides there are brackets for attaching ropes used to transport the cannon.

Nearby lie huge cast-iron cannonballs weighing almost 2 tons each. However, they are decorative: if anyone tried to fire them, the cannon would have been destroyed.

<hr>
<h3>Why is it called the "Tsar Cannon"?</h3>
There are several versions:
<ol><li>because of the portrait of Fyodor Ioannovich depicted on horseback near the muzzle of the cannon;</li>
<li>because of its record size — in the 16th century it truly was the “tsar” among artillery pieces;</li>
<li>in official documents of the 18th–19th centuries it was even called the “Russian Shotgun,” since it was assumed it would fire grapeshot (stones).</li></ol>
<hr>
<h3>Interesting facts</h3>
<ul><li>In 1812, during Napoleon’s invasion, the Tsar Cannon was located near the Kremlin Arsenal and miraculously survived after the French blew up the building.</li>
<li>In 1835 it was mounted on a new decorative carriage designed by architect Bryullov.</li>
<li>In the 20th century several copies of the Tsar Cannon were made: in Izhevsk, Perm, and Yoshkar-Ola.</li>
<li>Despite the emergence of larger artillery systems in the 19th–20th centuries, the Moscow Tsar Cannon is the one listed in the Guinness Book of Records as the artillery piece with the largest caliber.</li></ul>
<hr>
<h3>How to visit</h3>
<ul><li>The Tsar Cannon is included in the Kremlin tour route</li>
<li>Opening hours: in summer until 18:00, in winter until 17:00</li>
<li>Entrance through the <strong>Kutafya Tower</strong>, tickets — about 700 rubles</li>
<li>Children under 16 enter free</li>
<li>Nearest metro stations: <strong>Alexandrovsky Sad</strong>, <strong>Biblioteka Imeni Lenina</strong>, <strong>Borovitskaya</strong></li></ul>
<hr>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
The Tsar Cannon is not only an outstanding piece of casting art but also a vivid symbol of the might of the Russian state. Even if it never fired, its grand scale and rich decoration make it one of the most impressive landmarks of the Kremlin.

Visiting the Tsar Cannon is a must for every tourist in Moscow.

Tsar Cannon

The Tsaritsyno Museum-Reserve is a unique palace and park ensemble of the 18th century, located in the south of Moscow. This architectural complex holds a special place in the history of Russian architecture as <strong>the largest pseudo-Gothic construction of the 18th century in Europe</strong> and the only palace complex in the style of Russian Gothic.

Tsaritsyno attracts visitors not only with its architectural beauty but also with its remarkable history — it is an estate <strong>where no one ever lived</strong>. Despite 20 years of construction and enormous expenses, Empress Catherine II never enjoyed her suburban residence.

<h3>Dramatic history of construction: from vision to disappointment</h3>
<h4>Choosing the site and beginning construction</h4>
In 1775, Empress Catherine II visited the estate "Chyornaya Gryaz" owned by the Cantemir princes. The <strong>stunning natural landscape</strong> impressed the empress so much that she purchased the land for 30,000 rubles and gave it a new name — Tsaritsyno.

For the creation of the imperial residence, <strong>the famous architect Vasily Bazhenov</strong> was invited. Catherine II set him an ambitious task: to preserve the natural beauty of the landscape and create a complex harmoniously combining medieval motifs with Old Russian architecture.

<h4>Conflict of architects and project change</h4>
Construction began in 1776. By 1785, Bazhenov had completed almost the entire complex, except for the interior finishing. However, when Catherine II came to inspect it, she <strong>categorically refused to live in the newly built palaces</strong>.

Officially, the empress stated that the rooms were too cramped and dark. However, historians suggest that Catherine II might have had <strong>personal disagreements with Bazhenov</strong>. As a result, the architect was removed from the project, and his former student Matvey Kazakov was appointed in his place.

<h3>Architectural masterpieces of Tsaritsyno</h3>
<h4>The Grand Palace — the main attraction</h4>
The <strong>Grand Palace</strong> is the central structure of the complex and the only building constructed according to Matvey Kazakov’s design. This monumental structure with towers and a truncated roof was intended to serve as the empress’s main residence.

Architectural features:
<ul><li>The central part was designed for ceremonial halls</li>
<li>The western wing — for the empress’s chambers</li>
<li>The eastern wing — for the family of heir Paul</li></ul>
After the revolutionary restoration of the 2000s, the palace now houses the <strong>main museum exhibition</strong> with interactive halls and 3D reconstructions.

<h4>The Middle Palace (Opera House) — Bazhenov’s gem</h4>
The Middle Palace is distinguished by <strong>rich and intricate decor</strong>, characteristic of Vasily Bazhenov’s style. The main hall of the building has excellent acoustics thanks to its unique vaulted ceiling.

Architectural features:
<ul><li>A combination of red brick and white stone</li>
<li>An openwork parapet with images of the sun and moon</li>
<li>Magnificent acoustics of the main hall</li></ul>

<h4>The Bread House — palace kitchen in the form of a castle</h4>
Officially called the Kitchen Building, the <strong>Bread House</strong> is the largest structure in the complex. To ensure that the service building harmoniously fit into the ensemble, it was designed in the form of a medieval castle.

<h3>A unique landscape park</h3>
<h4>The history of the English park</h4>
The Tsaritsyno landscape park became <strong>one of the first landscape parks in Russia</strong> outside the St. Petersburg residences. Landscaping work began in 1775 under the supervision of Vasily Bazhenov.

In 1784, Catherine II invited <strong>British gardeners</strong> Francis Reid and Ion Murno, who gave the park a truly English character with winding paths and picturesque views.

<h4>Tsaritsyno ponds</h4>
The system of ponds, covering a total area of about 150 hectares, includes several bodies of water of various origins:

<ol><li><strong>Tsareborisovsky Pond</strong> — the oldest, dug in the 16th century under Boris Godunov</li>
<li><strong>Upper Tsaritsyno Pond</strong> — the central body of water of the 17th-century complex</li>
<li><strong>Middle Pond</strong> — location of the famous musical fountain</li></ol>

<h3>Modern attractions</h3>
<h4>The musical fountain</h4>
Opened in 2007, the <strong>light-dynamic fountain</strong> became one of the main attractions of modern Tsaritsyno. 800 water jets rise up to 15 meters high to music, while 3,000 underwater lights create a mesmerizing light show.

<h4>The greenhouse complex</h4>
Tsaritsyno has the <strong>only functioning greenhouse complex in Moscow</strong>, where plants of the same species grown in the 18th century are still cultivated. The history of the greenhouses dates back to the times of the "Chyornaya Gryaz" estate and continues today.

<h3>Practical information for visiting</h3>
<h4>Opening hours and ticket prices</h4>
<strong>Museum:</strong>
<ul><li>Tuesday–Thursday, Sunday: 10:00–18:00</li>
<li>Friday–Saturday: 10:00–20:00</li>
<li>Monday — closed</li></ul>
<strong>Greenhouses:</strong>
<ul><li>Wednesday–Thursday, Sunday: 10:00–18:00</li>
<li>Friday–Saturday: 10:00–20:00</li>
<li>Monday–Tuesday — closed</li></ul>
<strong>The park is open daily from 6:00 to 00:00</strong>

<strong>Ticket prices:</strong>
<ul><li>Comprehensive ticket: 1040 rubles (reduced — 470 rubles)</li>
<li>Grand Palace + Bread House: 630 rubles (reduced — 350 rubles)</li>
<li>Greenhouses: 250 rubles (reduced — 130 rubles)</li>
<li>Park visit — free</li></ul>

<h4>How to get there</h4>
<strong>Address:</strong> Moscow, Dolskaya St., 1

<strong>Metro:</strong>
<ul><li>Tsaritsyno station — main entrance to the park</li>
<li>Orekhovo station — entrance through the Greenhouse Gate</li></ul>
<strong>Buses:</strong> №182, 203, 245, 289, 679, 701, 756, 761

<h3>Things to do in Tsaritsyno</h3>
The museum-reserve offers a variety of leisure opportunities:

<ul><li><strong>Excursions</strong> — walking tours and electric car tours</li>
<li><strong>Water activities</strong> — boat, catamaran, and SUP board rentals</li>
<li><strong>Active recreation</strong> — rope park, sports grounds, football field</li>
<li><strong>Concerts</strong> — classical music in historic halls</li>
<li><strong>Photoshoots</strong> — unique architectural settings</li></ul>

<h3>Cultural life of the reserve</h3>
Tsaritsyno is actively developing as a cultural center. It regularly hosts:

<ul><li>Music festivals ("Classics and Jazz," "Romance of Summer")</li>
<li>Contemporary art exhibitions</li>
<li>Educational programs for children</li>
<li>Classical music concerts in the Opera House</li></ul>

<h3>Conclusion</h3>
The Tsaritsyno Museum-Reserve is a unique place where <strong>history and modernity harmoniously combine</strong>. It is not just an architectural monument but a living cultural center offering diverse opportunities for educational and active recreation.

Tsaritsyno is the ideal destination for those who want to <strong>escape the noisy capital</strong> into nature without leaving Moscow. Here, everyone will find something for themselves: history lovers — unique architecture and museum exhibitions, nature enthusiasts — picturesque ponds and park alleys, active visitors — sports facilities and water entertainment.

Tsaritsyno Museum-Reserve

The Museum-Reserve "Kolomenskoye" is a unique historical and architectural complex located in the south of Moscow. This former royal residence, covering 256 hectares, preserves centuries of Russian history and is one of the most significant cultural sites of the capital.

<h2>History of Kolomenskoye</h2>

<h3>First Mentions and Origin of the Name</h3>
The first documentary mentions of Kolomenskoye date back to the 14th century, when the village was listed in the spiritual charter of Ivan Kalita in 1339. There are several versions of the origin of its name:
<ul><li>According to one version, the village was founded by residents of Kolomna fleeing the Mongol-Tatar invasion</li><li>Another theory links the name to the Finno-Ugric term "kolomishche," meaning a mass burial site</li></ul>
<h3>Becoming a Tsar’s Residence</h3>
In the 16th century, under Vasily III, Kolomenskoye gained the status of a grand-ducal residence. In 1532, the famous Church of the Ascension was laid here in honor of the birth of his heir – the future Ivan the Terrible. This church became the first stone tent-roofed structure in Russia and is now included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.

The 17th century was the golden age of Kolomenskoye. Under Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, a grand wooden palace was built here, consisting of 270 rooms and 26 towers. Contemporaries called it the "Eighth Wonder of the World."

<h2>Main Architectural Landmarks</h2>
<h3>Church of the Ascension – a UNESCO Gem</h3>
The main <strong>attraction</strong> of Kolomenskoye is the Church of the Ascension, built in 1532. This unique monument of architecture is distinguished by several features:
<ul><li>The first stone tent-roofed church in Russia, 62 meters high</li><li>Built on oak piles that over time became as strong as iron</li><li>Combines elements of Russian and Western European architecture</li><li>Interior space measures only 8.5 by 8.5 meters</li></ul>
The architect was presumably the Italian master Pietro Francesco Annibale, known in Russia as Petrok Maly.

<h3>Palace of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich</h3>
Recreated in 2010, the palace is an exact copy of the 17th-century royal residence. The original building was dismantled under Catherine II due to dilapidation. The <strong>modern reconstruction</strong> includes:
<ul><li>26 towers of various heights</li><li>270 richly decorated rooms</li><li>More than 3000 windows with carved frames</li><li>Division into male and female quarters</li></ul>

<h2>Church Monuments of the Complex</h2>
<h3>Church of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God</h3>
A stone church of the 1650s, built in the Russian ornamental style. It houses the miraculous <strong>Derzhavnaya Icon</strong> of the Mother of God from the 18th century, discovered in 1917 among old boards.

<h3>Church of the Beheading of John the Baptist</h3>
One of the oldest churches in Moscow, presumably built in 1529. Its architects may have been Barma and Postnik, creators of St. Basil’s Cathedral. According to legend, the library of Ivan the Terrible may be hidden beneath the church.

<h2>Wooden Architecture Monuments</h2>
Kolomenskoye contains the <strong>only collection in Moscow</strong> of wooden architectural monuments:

<h3>Moss Tower of the Sumy Fortress</h3>
A 16th-century battle tower, transported from the shores of the White Sea. Its design features include:
<ul><li>The top ring of the tower wider than the base</li><li>A special gap for dropping stones on enemies</li><li>Traces of grapeshot preserved on the original logs</li><li>Three levels: residential, defensive, and observation</li></ul>
<h3>Peter I’s Cabin</h3>
A wooden building from 1702 in the Arkhangelsk region, where the young tsar lived for two months while supervising the construction of Novodvinsk Fortress. The exhibition includes:
<ul><li>The emperor’s work desk with ship drawings</li><li>A nail marking Peter I’s height (2 meters 4 centimeters)</li><li>An imprint of the sovereign’s right hand</li></ul>
<h3>Dutch House of Peter I</h3>
An exact copy of the house in the Dutch city of Zaandam, gifted by the Netherlands to Russia in 2013. It recreates the environment in which Peter I lived while studying shipbuilding, including the famous sleeping closet.

<h2>Natural and Mystical Attractions</h2>
<h3>Golosov Ravine – a Place of Legends</h3>
The most <strong>mysterious location</strong> in Kolomenskoye, surrounded by mystical legends. Here lie two legendary stones:
<ul><li><strong>Maiden’s Stone</strong> – believed to help with infertility</li><li><strong>Goose Stone</strong> – thought to restore male strength</li></ul>
According to legend, the stones are parts of St. George the Victorious’s horse, cut apart after defeating the dragon.

<h3>Ascension Garden</h3>
A historic fruit orchard with 800 apple trees of various varieties. <strong>Garden features</strong>:
<ul><li>Especially beautiful in May during blossom</li><li>Apple picking is allowed in late August – early September</li><li>The fruits were once supplied to the tsar’s table</li></ul>

<h2>Practical Information for Visitors</h2>
<h3>Opening Hours and Admission</h3>
<strong>Park grounds:</strong>
<ul><li>May 1 – September 30: 05:30 to 00:00</li><li>October 1 – April 30: 05:30 to 22:00</li><li>Admission to the grounds is free</li></ul>
<strong>Museum exhibitions:</strong>
<ul><li>Tuesday–Thursday, Sunday: 10:00 to 18:00</li><li>Friday–Saturday: 10:00 to 20:00</li><li>Monday: closed</li><li>Ticket prices: from 100 to 400 rubles</li></ul>
<h2>How to Get There</h2>
<strong>Metro stations:</strong>
<ul><li>"Kolomenskaya" – to the central part of the reserve</li><li>"Kashirskaya" – to the palace of Alexei Mikhailovich</li><li>"Klenovy Boulevard" – to the northern part</li></ul>
<strong>Surface transport:</strong>
<ul><li>Buses: № 899, e80, m19, c820, c951, n13</li><li>Trolleybuses: № 47, 49</li></ul>
<h2>Modern Significance of Kolomenskoye</h2>
Today, the Kolomenskoye Museum-Reserve is not just a historical monument but a <strong>living cultural space</strong>, hosting:
<ul><li>Folk festivals and fairs</li><li>Educational programs and guided tours</li><li>Horseback rides and interactive events</li><li>Russia’s largest honey fairs</li></ul>

Kolomenskoye remains a place where every visitor can touch centuries of Russian history, admire the beauty of ancient Russian architecture, and feel the special atmosphere of the tsar’s residence preserved through the ages.

Museum-Reserve "Kolomenskoye"

Old Arbat is a legendary pedestrian street in the very heart of Moscow, where every building preserves the memory of great people of the past. Stretching just 1200 meters, this Moscow promenade has become a symbol of the capital’s culture, a meeting place for artists, musicians, and travelers from all over the world.

<h2>What is the Arbat and why you must see it</h2>
The Arbat in Moscow rightfully holds the title of the most famous street in the capital. This <strong>pedestrian zone 1200 meters long</strong> stretches between Prechistenka and New Arbat, connecting Arbatskiye Vorota Square with Smolenskaya Square. Once, luxurious income houses, prestigious hotels, and trading establishments were located here.

Today, Old Arbat is an <strong>open-air museum</strong>, where almost every building is associated with old Moscow. After large-scale reconstruction in the 1980s, the street was reborn: restaurants were restored, expensive shops and unique museums opened, and the very atmosphere of the place began attracting tourists like a magnet.

<h2>The origin of the name Arbat: a riddle through the centuries</h2>
The history of the street’s name is shrouded in mysteries and legends. The toponym <strong>“Orbat”</strong> was first mentioned in the chronicle of 1475: “Nikifor Basenkov completely burned down on Orbat.” Interestingly, the name was originally spelled with the letter “O,” not “A.”

<h3>Main versions of the origin of the name</h3>
<ul><li><strong>The Arabic version</strong> is considered the most common among historians. According to it, the name comes from the Arabic word “arbad,” meaning “suburbs” or “outskirts.” This word may have been brought to Moscow by Eastern merchants and Crimean Tatars who actively traded in the area</li><li><strong>The Turkic theory</strong> connects the name with the word “arba” — a cart. In the area of modern Volkhonka was Kolymaga settlement, where various wagons were made</li><li><strong>The Russian hypothesis</strong> suggests origin from the word “gorbataja” (humpbacked), which reflected the uneven terrain with many streams flowing through it</li></ul>
An interesting fact: Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, father of Peter I, once tried to rename the street Smolenskaya, since it was a direct route to Smolensk. However, the idea did not take hold, and the old name has survived to this day.

<h2>Historical journey: from streltsy settlement to pedestrian zone</h2>
<h3>Early history: XV–XVII centuries</h3>
The first reliable mention of the Arbat dates to <strong>July 28, 1493</strong>, when a great fire, caused by a fallen candle in a church in Zamoskvorechye, destroyed a large area including the Kremlin and Arbat.

In the 16th century, Tsar Ivan the Terrible settled his army in the surroundings of the street for protection from western raids. In 1565, the first streltsy settlement was founded here. The soldiers were exempted from taxes and in peacetime engaged in crafts and trade.

<h3>Transformation into an elite district: XVII–XIX centuries</h3>
From the mid-17th century, Arbat began to turn into a <strong>prestigious settlement</strong>. The first to build his chambers here was voivode Vasily Ivanovich Streshnev, a relative of Tsar Mikhail Fyodorovich’s wife. By the end of the century, after Peter I suppressed the streltsy uprising and disbanded the military settlement, nobles embracing European culture began to build houses on the freed land.

In the 18th century, the Arbat was home to the noblest Russian families:
<ul><li>Princes Gagarin</li><li>Counts Tolstoy</li><li>Princes Trubetskoy</li><li>Counts Sheremetev</li></ul>
During the Patriotic War of 1812, a large part of Moscow was burned. In peacetime, the elite settlement was rebuilt with houses in Empire style, inhabited by the <strong>intelligentsia</strong>. Relatives of A. V. Suvorov, F. M. Dostoevsky, M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, and P. Ya. Chaadayev lived here.

<h3>20th century: transformation and revival</h3>
In the 1930s, cars carrying party officials drove along the Arbat. Joseph Stalin himself drove down this street on his way to his dacha in Kuntsevo. These times are vividly described in A. N. Rybakov’s novel “Children of the Arbat.”

Until 1982, the Arbat was an ordinary Moscow street with two-way traffic and trolleybus routes. <strong>Large-scale reconstruction</strong> in the late 1970s — early 1980s completely transformed the street:
<ul><li>Asphalt was replaced with cobblestones, made especially for the Arbat</li><li>Bricks were laid by hand without cement, using only special rubber mallets</li><li>Benches for rest and flower vases were installed</li><li>Decorative retro street lamps appeared</li><li>The street became completely pedestrian</li></ul>

<h2>Main attractions of Old Arbat</h2>
<h3>Restaurant “Prague” — a culinary legend of Moscow</h3>
At the beginning of the street is one of the most famous Moscow restaurants, with a history of <strong>more than 100 years</strong>. The building itself was built in the 17th century, and in 1872, entrepreneur and philanthropist Vera Firsanova opened a tavern here for cabmen.

In 1896, the tavern was won in a billiard game by merchant Semyon Tararykin, who rebuilt it into a luxurious restaurant with a winter garden and an open rooftop terrace. Notable visitors included:
<ul><li>Alexander Blok and Ivan Bunin</li><li>Maxim Gorky and Sergei Yesenin</li><li>Ilya Repin and Leo Tolstoy</li><li>Fyodor Chaliapin and Anton Chekhov</li></ul>

From the 1950s began the restaurant’s golden age. It gained nationwide fame after confectioner Vladimir Guralnik created the legendary cakes <strong>“Prague”</strong> and <strong>“Bird’s Milk”</strong>.

<h3>Vakhtangov Theatre</h3>
At house №26 stands the <strong>State Academic Evgeny Vakhtangov Theatre</strong>. Its story began in 1913, when the 30-year-old Vakhtangov organized a Student Drama Studio. In 1926, after the founder’s death, the theatre received his name.

The theatre’s calling card became the production of “Princess Turandot” by Carlo Gozzi. The play remained on stage for <strong>84 years</strong> (1922–2006). In memory of the legendary performance, in 2007 a “Princess Turandot” fountain was unveiled in front of the building.

The theatre building itself was erected in 1873 in eclectic style, combining Russian style, classicism, neo-Renaissance, and neo-Baroque. After a 1941 bombing and a major reconstruction in 1948, the hall’s capacity increased from 150 to 1100 seats.

<h3>The House with Knights — an architectural mystery</h3>
Opposite the Vakhtangov Theatre stands the tallest building on Old Arbat — a seven-story house with two sad knights on its facade. It was built in 1912 by merchant Yakov Filatov as a prestigious income house.

This landmark inspired writers: <strong>Mikhail Bulgakov</strong>, in his novel “The Master and Margarita,” dressed Koroviev in the armor of one of the knights and placed critic Latunsky, whose apartment Margarita destroyed, in this building.

The mystery of the empty niches: on the other side of the house there are two more niches, but without knights. Their intended purpose remains unknown.

<h3>Victor Tsoi’s Wall</h3>
At house №37, facing Krivoarbatsky Lane, lies a <strong>cult place for rock music fans</strong>. Since Arbat became pedestrian, nonconformists gathered here, singing songs by Shevchuk, Kinchev, Grebenshchikov, and of course Tsoi.

When the country learned of the rock star’s death, someone wrote on the wall: “Tsoi lives!” Thus the legendary Tsoi Wall appeared, where many still leave drawings and inscriptions. A special urn for broken cigarettes was even installed here.

<h3>A. S. Pushkin Museum-Apartment</h3>
At house №53, built in 1777, is the only <strong>Pushkin museum</strong> in Moscow that was actually the poet’s residence. In January 1831, Alexander Sergeyevich rented an apartment in this two-story mansion, and on February 18 brought here his young wife Natalia Goncharova. The Pushkins lived here for several of their happiest months.

In the 1880s, the brother of P. I. Tchaikovsky lived here, and the great composer often visited. In the hard 1930s, the building housed a military tribunal, later communal apartments. On February 18, 1986, the “Sun of Russian Poetry” memorial apartment-museum opened here.

<h3>Monument to Bulat Okudzhava</h3>
At house №43 was born and raised <strong>Bulat Okudzhava</strong>, who often mentioned the Arbat in his poems. In 2002, a monument to the poet-bard was unveiled near this house. Now, admirers of his work gather around “walking” Bulat Shalvovich, meetings are arranged, and excursions are held.

<h2>Modern entertainment and museums</h2>
<h3>Entertainment Center at Old Arbat, 16</h3>
The modern entertainment center “Fairy Tales and Entertainment of Arbat” offers visitors:
<ol><li>Immersion in the fairy tale “Alice Through the Looking Glass”</li><li>Photo sessions with cartoon characters in the LoveBox room</li><li>A journey into the house of a giant, where you feel like a little mouse</li><li>An adventure in the jungle with dangerous and cute inhabitants</li></ol>
The center is open daily from 11:00 (from 10:00 on weekends) until 22:00.

<h3>Museum of Optical Illusions</h3>
On Nikolopeskovsky Lane, 4, operates an interactive museum where you can take photos against artistic installations with <strong>3D effects</strong>. Entrance costs 450 rubles.

<h3>Street performers and creative atmosphere</h3>
At any time on Old Arbat you can see:
<ul><li>Performances by musicians, dancers, and actors</li><li>A street art gallery with masterpieces in various styles</li><li>Artists drawing caricatures of passersby</li><li>Craftsmen selling handmade products</li><li>Sellers of traditional Russian souvenirs</li></ul>

<h2>Practical information for tourists</h2>
<h3>How to get to Old Arbat</h3>
<strong>By metro:</strong>
<ul><li>To the beginning of the street: “Arbatskaya” station of the blue (Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya) line</li><li>To the end of the street: “Smolenskaya” station of the light-blue (Filyovskaya) line</li><li>Important: both stations have namesakes on other lines located far from the street</li></ul>
<strong>By ground transport:</strong>
<ul><li>“Arbatskiye Vorota” stop: buses м2, м7, н2, с511</li><li>Along Gogolevsky Boulevard: bus м5</li><li>“Smolenskaya Square” stop: buses 220, 239, 379, B, с910</li></ul>
<strong>On foot:</strong>
<ul><li>From the Cathedral of Christ the Savior along Gogolevsky Boulevard — 1.5 km (about 20 minutes)</li><li>From the Kremlin through Alexander Garden and Vozdvizhenka — 2 km (about 30 minutes)</li><li>From the Theatre at Nikitskiye Vorota along Nikitsky Boulevard — 700 meters</li></ul>

<h3>Opening hours and cost of visit</h3>
The street is <strong>accessible 24/7</strong> and free to visit. No mass festivities are held here, and the street is not closed off.

<strong>Approximate service prices:</strong>
<ul><li>Caricature by a street artist: 400–800 rubles</li><li>Group walking tour: from 500 rubles</li><li>Individual tour (1.5–2 hours): from 4000 rubles</li><li>Lunch in a café: from 400 rubles per person</li></ul>
Arbat is very popular with foreigners, so prices here are relatively high. When planning a budget, it is worth deciding in advance which places you want to visit.

<h3>When is the best time to visit Arbat</h3>
Old Arbat is interesting <strong>at any time of the year</strong>, even in rain and snow. However, the best time to visit is spring, summer, and early autumn, when you can comfortably walk the street and enjoy street performances.

In winter, the street is decorated with Christmas lights and ornaments, and you may encounter Father Frost and the Snow Maiden. In warm seasons, the decor changes to summer style, with clowns, photographers, and artists greeting tourists.

<h3>How much time is needed for a walk</h3>
Technically, you can walk 1200 meters in <strong>30 minutes at a steady pace</strong>, but that won’t happen! It’s impossible not to admire the paintings, watch performances, or take photos by the “Princess Turandot” fountain or other historic landmarks.

You can come here again and again, always discovering something new. Thoughtful travelers treat Arbat as an open-air museum and can spend the whole day here.

<h3>What to see near Arbat</h3>
Nearby are:
<ul><li>Alexander Garden and Red Square</li><li>Smolenskaya Embankment (towards New Arbat)</li><li>Cathedral of Christ the Savior</li><li>The Kremlin and Manezhnaya Square</li><li>The Ministry of Foreign Affairs building — one of Moscow’s famous skyscrapers</li></ul>

<h2>Unique facts about Arbat</h2>
<ul><li>In the early 20th century, Arbat set a record for the number of doctors living here: 74 in 1913, and 87 by 1916</li><li>On this short (just over a kilometer) street, there were once three churches dedicated to St. Nicholas the Wonderworker</li><li>The name “Arbat” has hardly changed since its origin, though pronunciation varied between “Orbat” and “Arbat”</li><li>After the 1980s reconstruction, Muscovites joked that “Arbat went lamp-crazy” — due to the abundance of decorative lanterns</li><li>Cobblestones were made especially for the Arbat and laid by hand without cement</li></ul>

<h2>Arbat in culture and literature</h2>
Old Arbat has repeatedly drawn the attention of writers, poets, and filmmakers:

<ul><li><strong>Mikhail Bulgakov</strong> in “The Master and Margarita” described the House with Knights and placed critic Latunsky there</li><li><strong>Bulat Okudzhava</strong> dedicated many poems and songs to Arbat, calling it “a concentration of Russian culture”</li><li><strong>Anatoly Rybakov</strong> in “Children of the Arbat” described life on the street in the 1930s</li><li><strong>Andrey Bely</strong> wrote: “In Arbat — the cream of Moscow and all of Russia is squeezed!”</li><li><strong>Muslim Magomayev</strong> sang in 1964: “Come to Moscow and stroll along the Arbat…”</li></ul>

<h2>Conclusion: why you should visit Old Arbat</h2>
Old Arbat is not just a street, but a <strong>living organism</strong> that breathes history and culture. Here elite and popular culture are concentrated: from the Vakhtangov Theatre to Tsoi’s Wall, from Pushkin’s museum-apartment to street artists.

A walk along the Arbat is a way to touch the spirit of old Moscow, to feel the atmosphere created by great people of different eras. Every building here has its story, every alley preserves secrets of the past.

If you want to know what true Russia is, be sure to stroll along the Arbat! This street is a <strong>sanctuary of Moscow</strong>, where past and present intertwine into a single whole, creating a unique atmosphere that leaves no traveler indifferent.

Arbat Street (Old Arbat)

Poklonnaya Hill in Moscow is a grand memorial complex dedicated to victory in the Great Patriotic War. This unique architectural ensemble stretches across 135 hectares and combines historical monuments, museum exhibitions, temples of various faiths, and modern recreation areas. The site has a centuries-old history and is one of the main landmarks of the capital.

<h2>Origin of the Name and Geographical Location</h2>
The name “Poklonnaya Hill” comes from the word “poklonny,” meaning inclined or gentle slope. This was how small elevations in the central Russian region were called. The historical hill was located between the Setun and Filka rivers in the western part of Moscow, along the Smolensk road. Travelers climbing this rise could see a panorama of the capital with its golden church domes and, by tradition, bowed to the city as a sign of respect.

<h2>Historical Significance of Poklonnaya Hill</h2>
<h3>The Middle Ages and Imperial Period</h3>
The first written mentions of Poklonnaya Hill date back to the 14th century and appear in the Bykhovets Chronicle. In 1368, Lithuanian Prince Algirdas stopped here with his army, awaiting the decision of Moscow Prince Dmitry Donskoy on a possible battle. For centuries, this site was used to welcome important guests and foreign envoys heading to Moscow via the Smolensk route.

<h3>The Napoleonic Wars Era</h3>
In the autumn of 1812, a landmark event took place on Poklonnaya Hill. Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte camped here, waiting for a delegation with the keys to Moscow—which never arrived. Instead, the French army found only abandoned and partially burned buildings in the capital.

<h3>Creation of the Memorial Complex</h3>
The idea to immortalize the memory of the defenders of the Fatherland arose as early as the 1940s. In 1942, architect Yakov Chernikhov proposed erecting a monument here to soldiers of the Great Patriotic War, but Joseph Stalin rejected the project. <strong>On February 23, 1958</strong>, a granite marker was placed on the hill with the promise of building a Victory monument, and in 1961, park layout began.

<strong>Important:</strong> Construction of the memorial complex began in the late 1980s and sparked public protests. Despite opposition, on May 9, 1995, for the 50th anniversary of Victory, the park’s grand opening took place.

<h2>Main Attractions of Victory Park</h2>
<h3>Victory Monument</h3>
The central element of the memorial complex is a grand obelisk <strong>141.8 meters</strong> tall—every 10 centimeters symbolize one day of the war, and the total height reflects the 1,418 days of the Great Patriotic War. The monument is designed as a three-edged bayonet and is the tallest memorial in Russia. At a height of 104 meters stands a bronze figure of the goddess of victory, Nike, with heralding angels, facing the Kremlin. At the base of the stele is a sculpture of Saint George slaying the dragon, symbolizing fascism. The composition’s author is sculptor Zurab Tsereteli.

<h3>Victory Museum</h3>
The museum complex on Victory Square is the largest repository of military history. Its collections hold over 50,000 exhibits:
<ul><li>Hall of Historical Truth with documents and facts about the war</li><li>Hall of the Faces of Victory — a digital archive of war participants</li><li>Hall of Memory and Sorrow with a sculptural composition</li><li>Hall of Commanders with a gallery of recipients of the Order of Victory</li><li>Six impressive dioramas dedicated to key battles: Moscow, Stalingrad, Kursk, the Siege of Leningrad, the Dnieper crossing, and the storming of Berlin</li></ul>
The museum’s special treasure is the original Victory Banner, hoisted over the Reichstag in April 1945 by soldiers Mikhail Yegorov, Meliton Kantaria, and Alexei Berest.

<h3>G.O.R.A. Museum of Military Equipment</h3>
An open-air site covering 10 hectares presents a unique collection of over 400 pieces of military equipment:
<ul><li>Legendary T-34 and BT-7 tanks</li><li>Fighter planes and bombers</li><li>Katyusha multiple rocket launchers</li><li>ZIS artillery guns</li><li>Warships and submarines</li><li>Railway transporters</li><li>Reconstructed trenches, dugouts, and bunkers</li></ul>
Of particular interest is the 305 mm TM-3-12 railway gun—one of only three produced, and it took part in real combat.

<h3>Bronze Colonnade and Fountains</h3>
The park’s main avenue is adorned with 15 commemorative stelae, symbolizing 10 battlefronts, 3 fleets, the partisan movement, and the labor feats of the home front. Opposite the colonnade are 5 majestic fountains—one for each year of the war, each with 225 water jets representing the weeks of the conflict. At night, the red illumination gives the composition a dramatic look, recalling the blood shed by the defenders of the Fatherland.

<h3>Temple Complex</h3>
The park is home to religious buildings of various faiths:
<ul><li><strong>Church of St. George the Victorious</strong> — an Orthodox church consecrated on May 6, 1995, housing relics of the great martyr saint</li><li><strong>Catholic chapel</strong>, built in 2003 in memory of Spanish soldiers, designed by architect Antonio Miche</li><li><strong>Memorial Synagogue</strong> with the Museum of Jewish Heritage and the Holocaust, containing documents on Third Reich crimes</li><li><strong>Memorial Mosque</strong>, opened in 1997</li></ul>
<h3>Triumphal Arch</h3>
At the park’s main entrance from Kutuzovsky Avenue stands the Triumphal Arch, originally created by Osip Bove in honor of victory over Napoleon. In 1936, it was dismantled during avenue expansion, but in the 1960s, it was rebuilt in a new location, this time dedicated to liberation from Nazi occupation.

<h3>Floral Clock</h3>
At the entrance to the memorial complex is a unique working clock with a dial 10 meters in diameter, entirely made of live plants. Between 8,000 and 12,000 begonias and pansies are used in the design. The hour hand is 3.5 meters long, the minute hand 4.5 meters. The design is updated annually, and at night the dial is illuminated by LEDs.

<h2>Infrastructure and Entertainment</h2>
<h3>Active Recreation and Sports</h3>
Victory Park offers various opportunities for active leisure:
<ul><li>Rental of bicycles, scooters, e-scooters, roller skates, skateboards</li><li>Rental of pedal cars and electric cars for 2 and 4 people</li><li>Rope park for thrill-seekers</li><li>Free sports grounds with training sessions (daily from 18:00 to 21:00)</li><li>Kilometers of bike paths</li><li>Children’s playgrounds and rides</li></ul>
<h3>Cultural Program</h3>
The complex regularly hosts:
<ul><li>Themed tours lasting 1.5 hours or more</li><li>Costumed programs for children’s groups</li><li>Concerts and festivals, especially on Victory Day</li><li>Exhibitions for significant dates</li><li>Free clubs: art studio, yoga, Nordic walking</li><li>Street performances</li></ul>
<h3>Services and Amenities</h3>
For visitor comfort, the park offers:
<ul><li>Numerous cafes and restaurants</li><li>Fast food stalls and field kitchens</li><li>Free restrooms</li><li>Rest areas with benches</li><li>Autodrome and virtual cinema</li><li>Free shuttle from the metro</li></ul>
<h2>Practical Information for Visitors</h2>
<h3>Opening Hours and Admission Fees</h3>
<strong>Victory Park:</strong> open 24/7, free entry  
<strong>Victory Museum:</strong> daily from 10:00 to 22:00
<ul><li>Main building ticket — 300 rubles</li><li>Discount ticket — 200 rubles</li><li>Combined ticket (museum + open-air site) — 400 rubles (discount — 300 rubles)</li><li>Children under 14 — free</li><li>Costumed tour for groups of 5+ people — 2000 rubles</li></ul>
<strong>G.O.R.A. Museum of Military Equipment:</strong> 300 rubles, free for children under 14  

<strong>Rental station:</strong> daily until 22:00, prices from 400 rubles per 30 minutes

<h3>How to Get There</h3>
<strong>Metro:</strong>
<ul><li>“Park Pobedy” station (Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya and Solntsevskaya lines) — main entrance by metro exit</li><li>“Slavyansky Bulvar” station</li><li>“Minskaya” station</li><li>“Kutuzovskaya” station</li></ul>
<strong>Ground transport:</strong>
<ul><li>Buses №157, 474, 622, 840 from “Kievskaya” metro</li><li>Minibuses №454, 477</li><li>Stops: “Metro Park Pobedy”, “Poklonnaya Hill”, “Park Pobedy”</li></ul>
<strong>Rail transport:</strong>
<ul><li>“Poklonnaya” and “Minskaya” stations (trains from Kievsky station)</li></ul>
<strong>By car:</strong>
<ul><li>Address: 7 Bratyev Fonchenko Street, Moscow, 121096</li><li>Coordinates: 55.732396, 37.513448</li><li>Free parking near checkpoints №1 and №2, entry from Minskaya Street</li></ul>
<h3>Visiting Tips</h3>
<strong>Recommended time:</strong> a walk through the park with its main sights takes 1.5–2 hours. For museum visits, plan 5+ hours.  

<strong>Best season:</strong> May to September is ideal—fountains work, the floral clock is in bloom, and all attractions are open.  

<strong>Peak attendance:</strong> On May 9, large-scale commemorative events, parades, concerts, and public festivities are held. Field kitchens serve soldiers’ porridge.  

<h2>Nearby Attractions</h2>
Within walking distance of Poklonnaya Hill is the “Kutuzov’s Hut” museum—a branch of the Victory Museum dedicated to the 1812 Fili Military Council. The historic building faithfully recreates the interior lost in the fire of 1868.

<h2>Interesting Facts</h2>
<ol><li>The park is home to tame squirrels that eagerly interact with visitors—bring nuts for these friendly residents</li><li>Near the Hall of Memory, an electronic display allows you to enter a fallen relative’s details and retrieve information from the Book of Memory</li><li>The monument “Tragedy of the Nations” is dedicated to genocide victims and is one of the most emotionally powerful memorials in the complex</li><li>There are monuments to internationalist soldiers who fought in Afghanistan and to Chernobyl disaster liquidators</li><li>Some park pathways are paved with ancient stones preserved from historical times</li></ol>
<h2>Conclusion</h2>
Poklonnaya Hill is a unique combination of historical memory, architectural grandeur, and modern leisure infrastructure. Every element is filled with deep symbolism, reminding visitors of the people’s heroism in the Great Patriotic War. The memorial complex is equally engaging for patriotic education of the younger generation and for family recreation. The park’s vastness is impressive, and its variety of exhibits allows for an entire day of discovery—exploring new facets of Russian history while enjoying well-maintained landscapes.

Poklonnaya Hill

The Victory Museum in Moscow is the largest military-historical complex in Russia, dedicated to the events of the Great Patriotic War. Located on the legendary Poklonnaya Hill, this grand memorial annually attracts about one and a half million visitors from around the world.

<h2>History of the Museum Complex</h2>
The idea of creating a large memorial arose during the war itself — in 1942. A design competition was announced, but the winning project could not be realized. The next attempt was made in 1955, when Marshal Georgy Zhukov sent a letter to the Central Committee of the CPSU proposing the creation of a major memorial-museum complex.

<strong>Key stages of construction:</strong>

<ul><li>1958 — installation of a symbolic foundation stone on Poklonnaya Hill</li>
<li>1961 — foundation of Victory Park</li>
<li>1985 — beginning of large-scale construction of the memorial complex</li>
<li>1991 — suspension of work due to Perestroika</li>
<li>1994 — resumption of work in preparation for the 50th anniversary of Victory</li>
<li>May 9, 1995 — ceremonial opening of the museum by President Boris Yeltsin</li></ul>
The museum was built not only with state funding but also through public donations. By 1986, 194 million rubles had been raised out of the 213 million required. In 2017, the Central Museum of the Great Patriotic War was renamed the Victory Museum.

<h2>Architecture and Layout of the Complex</h2>
In front of the main building lies a majestic park, where every detail is filled with symbolic meaning. The main alley consists of five terraces — one for each year of the war. In summer, 225 fountains operate on the grounds — the same number of weeks the Great Patriotic War lasted.

The dominant feature of the architectural ensemble is the Victory Monument, 141 meters and 80 centimeters tall — one decimeter for each day of the war. This obelisk, shaped like a bayonet, is crowned with a sculptural composition of the goddess of victory Nike and two angels.

The museum building itself is a four-story structure with a massive semicircular colonnade at the entrance. Under the huge dome are exhibition spaces with a total area of over 16,000 square meters.

<h2>Halls of Memory and Glory</h2>
<h3>Hall of Memory and Sorrow</h3>
At the center of the exposition stands the sculpture "Sorrow" by the People’s Artist of the USSR Lev Kerbel. Made of white Koelga marble, it represents a collective image of all Soviet women mourning their fallen loved ones. From the ceiling hang brass chains with crystal pendants symbolizing tears of grief. Special sound design — a soft chime combined with a fragment of Mozart’s Requiem (Lacrimosa) — enhances the emotional impact.

The hall commemorates more than 26.6 million Soviet citizens who perished during the war. Each link of the chains represents ten fallen soldiers and civilians.

<h3>Hall of Glory</h3>
Located under the main dome, this round hall is the heart of the museum. The central feature is a ten-meter-high bronze sculpture "The Soldier-Victor" by Vladimir Znoba. On 72 marble pylons are inscribed the names of nearly 12,000 Heroes of the Soviet Union and Heroes of Russia.  
Around the dome is the Wreath of Glory, symbolizing the contribution of all Soviet peoples to the common victory. At the center of the dome is an image of the "Victory" order. Here, a striking 3D installation of the war’s key battles is regularly shown.

<h3>Hall of Commanders</h3>
One of the most solemn halls of the museum greets visitors with a wide ceremonial staircase decorated with panels of helmets, rifles, and bronze laurel branches. Along the perimeter stand bronze busts of eleven Soviet military leaders — holders of the highest order "Victory." This award was granted to senior commanders for successfully conducting major military operations.

<h3>Hall “Faces of Victory”</h3>
A unique multimedia exhibition takes the form of a giant digital photo album. Portraits of soldiers, officers, partisans, and home-front workers are displayed on wall screens. The gallery is constantly updated — anyone can add a photo of a veteran relative through special terminals in the museum or local public service centers.

<h3>Hall of Historical Truth</h3>
This exhibition space presents documents and testimonies from wartime. Visitors can see official statistics on casualties, newspaper pages, archival photographs, and newsreels. Among the unique exhibits is Marshal Zhukov’s briefcase, in which he carried secret documents to meetings with Stalin.

<h2>Permanent Exhibitions</h2>
<h3>“The Road to Victory”</h3>
A large multimedia exhibition covering 4,500 square meters is dedicated to the valor of Red Army soldiers. It is a frontline chronicle of the war through the faces and fates of servicemen, combining authentic artifacts, "living" dioramas, and modern technologies.

<strong>The unique complex includes six grand dioramas:</strong>

<ul><li>The Counteroffensive near Moscow</li>
<li>The Battle of Stalingrad — link-up of the fronts</li>
<li>The Siege of Leningrad</li>
<li>The Battle of Kursk</li>
<li>The Crossing of the Dnieper</li>
<li>The Storming of Berlin</li></ul>
Each battle canvas was created by artists of the Grekov Studio of Military Artists. In front of the dioramas, dynamic scenes unfold on special screens, while projections, mapping, and augmented reality create full immersion in frontline life.

<h3>“The People’s Feat”</h3>
This 3,000-square-meter exhibition tells the story of the Soviet people’s contribution to victory. Visitors find themselves in historically accurate settings of different wartime locations.

<strong>Thematic sections transport visitors to:</strong>

<ul><li>The Brest Fortress and the square of Veliky Novgorod</li>
<li>Factory workshops and military hospitals</li>
<li>Burned Smolensk villages</li>
<li>The library of besieged Leningrad</li>
<li>The steps of the Reichstag</li></ul>
Director Igor Ugolnikov filmed a special series of 22 reenactment films for this space. 3D panoramas, holograms, projections, and elements of immersive theater create a unique sense of presence.

<h3>“The Battle for Moscow. The First Victory!”</h3>
An interactive exhibition of nine thematic sections is available only to organized groups. Together with the Zvonarev family of Muscovites, visitors go through all the trials faced by the capital’s residents during the hardest period of the war.

Guests visit Moscow metro stations used as bomb shelters, enlistment points for people’s militia, trenches of Red Army soldiers, and the legendary parade of November 7, 1941, on Red Square.

<h2>Museum G.O.R.A. — Exhibition of Military Equipment</h2>
On an open-air area of about ten hectares is a branch of the Victory Museum — the Museum of the Army’s Main Weapons Relics. More than 400 pieces of military equipment are on display: tanks, artillery, aircraft, and vehicles. Some exhibits are preserved as unique specimens.

<strong>The exhibition is divided into several thematic zones:</strong>

<ul><li>Tank location</li>
<li>Aviation exposition</li>
<li>Naval equipment</li>
<li>Partisan movement</li>
<li>Local conflicts</li></ul>
Among the exhibits are the legendary "Victory tank" T-34, the Yak-3 fighter, and the rare TM-1-180 railway artillery transporter with a 180 mm naval gun. Many exhibits are displayed in cutaway, and some are accompanied by sound effects of working engines.

<h2>Practical Information for Visitors</h2>
<h3>Location and How to Get There</h3>
<strong>Address:</strong> Moscow, Victory Square, Building 3  
The nearest metro station is "Park Pobedy" on the Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya and Solntsevskaya lines. It is about a 10–15 minute walk from the station to the main entrance. Free parking is available around the building for those arriving by car.

<h3>Opening Hours</h3>
<ul><li>Tuesday: 13:00–22:00</li>
<li>Wednesday–Sunday: 10:00–22:00</li>
<li>Monday: closed</li></ul>
<h3>Ticket Prices (2025)</h3>
<ul><li>Main building admission: 450 rubles (adults), 300 rubles (discounted), 100 rubles (children 7–14)</li>
<li>Museum G.O.R.A. admission: 400 rubles (adults), 300 rubles (discounted), 100 rubles (children 7–14)</li>
<li>“Battle for Moscow” tour: 500 rubles (weekends), 400 rubles (weekdays)</li>
<li>“The People’s Feat” tour: 600 rubles (weekends), 500 rubles (weekdays)</li></ul>
Children under seven enter free. Tours must be purchased in addition to admission tickets.

<h3>Visitor Rules</h3>
Visitors must leave outerwear and large bags in the cloakroom. Amateur photo and video shooting of general views is allowed without flash and tripod. Visitors must follow navigation rules set by the museum administration.

<h2>Interesting Facts about the Museum</h2>
<ul><li>The museum’s collection holds about 500,000 items</li>
<li>The library contains over 55,000 books, including rare wartime editions and newspapers</li>
<li>The total exhibition area is 16,700 square meters</li>
<li>The museum has its own cinema with 450 seats</li>
<li>More than 40 guided programs are available for visitors</li>
<li>Special holiday programs are offered: the New Year quest “Victory Tree” and the summer club “Summer of Victories”</li></ul>
<h2>Events and Exhibitions</h2>
In addition to permanent displays, the museum organizes themed exhibitions dedicated to significant dates. In spring, especially during preparations for Victory Day, festive concerts and official events take place on a grand scale.

In summer, the museum traditionally takes part in nationwide events such as "Night of Museums," "Night of Cinema," and "Night of Arts." Patriotic concerts are regularly held in the Hall of Commanders, while in the Hall of Glory, solemn ceremonies of military oath-taking, induction of Suvorov cadets, and the awarding of first officer ranks take place.

<h2>Victory Museum — A Place of Historical Memory</h2>
The Victory Museum on Poklonnaya Hill is a unique space preserving the memory of the tragic and heroic chapters of national history. The combination of authentic historical artifacts, modern multimedia technologies, and grand architectural solutions makes this complex one of the most impressive military-historical museums in the world.

Visiting the museum allows one to better understand the scale of the Soviet people’s feat, appreciate the price of Victory, and connect with living history through the personal fates of the Motherland’s defenders. It is a place worth visiting with the whole family to pass on the memory of the greatest event of the 20th century to future generations.

Victory Museum

Patriarch’s Ponds is one of the most romantic and mysterious places in the Russian capital, located in the center of Moscow, not far from the Garden Ring. This picturesque corner is wrapped in numerous legends and tales, and thanks to Mikhail Bulgakov’s novel “The Master and Margarita,” it is known far beyond Russia. Muscovites affectionately call this district “Patriki.”

<h2>History of Patriarch’s Ponds: from Goat Swamp to Cultural Heritage</h2>
<h3>Early History: 17th Century</h3>
<strong>Until the end of the 17th century</strong>, the site of today’s Patriarch’s Ponds was occupied by Goat Swamp, through which the Chertory Stream and two rivers — Bubna and Kabanka — flowed. Local residents raised goats, and their wool was supplied to the royal court. The old name is still remembered by Bolshoy and Maly Kozikhinsky Lanes.

<strong>In the early 17th century</strong>, the residence of Patriarch Hermogenes moved here. The swamp was drained and three ponds were created for breeding fish for the patriarch’s table. On the banks grew the Patriarchal settlement with two churches — of Hieromartyr Hermolaus and of Spyridon Trimifuntsky — and household buildings. The three ponds later gave their name to Trekhprudny Lane.

<h3>Transformation after 1812</h3>
After the devastating fire of 1812, the city authorities decided to fill in two of the ponds, leaving only one — the Big Patriarch’s Pond. It was thoroughly cleaned of vegetation and silt, and a small square was arranged around it, which began to be called the Patriarch’s Pond Boulevard.

<strong>In 1924</strong>, the area was renamed Pioneer Ponds, but locals continued to use the historical name. Only in 1992 was the original name officially restored.

<h2>What to See at Patriarch’s Ponds</h2>
<h3>Swans and Ducks</h3>
A true living decoration of the ornamental pond. By day, waterfowl glide across the surface, swim to the banks, and readily accept treats from passersby. In the cold season, when the pond freezes, the swans are sent to winter in nurseries near Moscow.

<h3>Bulgakov Square</h3>
A green corner near the intersection of Bolshoy Kozikhinsky and Spiridonyevsky Lanes has borne the writer’s name since 2015. Under the tree canopies, several pedestrian paths make for a pleasant walk at any time of year.

<h3>Woland’s Bench</h3>
A wooden bench where, according to Bulgakov’s “The Master and Margarita,” Ivan Bezdomny and Mikhail Berlioz sat. During their conversation about atheism, they encountered the mysterious Woland here. The landmark is located opposite the entrance of house No. 32 on Malaya Bronnaya Street.

<h3>Monument to Ivan Krylov</h3>
A tribute to the famous fabulist, erected in Ermolaevsky Lane in 1976. Sculptor Andrei Drevin depicted Krylov sitting in the park. Nearby one can see the heroes of his works:<ul><li>The Monkey</li><li>The Donkey</li><li>The Goat</li><li>The Bear</li><li>The Elephant</li><li>The Little Dog</li><li>The Crow and The Fox</li></ul>
From the benches around the monument opens a wonderful view of Patriarch’s Pond.

<h3>Cultural Center “House on Patriarch’s”</h3>
A modern space where people come to relax, read interesting books, meet friends, watch films, and play chess. The center combines a classic reading hall overlooking the pond, a stylish art café, and an interactive hall for screenings of Russian and foreign cinema.

<h3>“The House with Lions”</h3>
A beautiful three-story mansion at 9 Ermolaevsky Lane. The representative Empire-style building resembles an old noble estate, but with exaggerated grotesque proportions. The apartment house was built at Patriarch’s Ponds in 1944–1945 for Soviet military commanders, with spacious apartments, halls, maid’s rooms, and storerooms.

<h2>Interesting Facts about Patriarch’s Ponds</h2>
<strong>The toponym “Patriarch’s Ponds”</strong> unites the historical neighborhood, the pond, and the square. The park complex of paths and greenery covers 2.2 hectares. The reservoir itself has an area of almost 1 hectare and reaches a depth of 2.5 meters. Since 2003, the historic area in the Presnensky District has been a cultural heritage site.

<strong>No tram tracks</strong> exist at Patriarch’s — and never did. The tram line was invented by Mikhail Bulgakov for his novel, creating the atmosphere of the work.

<strong>In 1938</strong>, an elegant wooden pavilion was built near the pond, and in 1986 it was replaced with a stone one. The unusual building with stucco and reliefs is now occupied by a fashionable restaurant.

<strong>Besides Bulgakov’s work</strong>, Patriarch’s Ponds are immortalized in literature:<ul><li>poems by Yevgeny Yevtushenko</li><li>the novel “Burnt Moscow” by Grigory Danilevsky</li><li>Leo Tolstoy’s story “A Christmas Eve”</li><li>the novel “Anna Karenina”</li></ul>

<h2>Patriarch’s Ponds in Different Seasons</h2>
<strong>In the warm season</strong> it is pleasant to stroll along the paths, feed the swans, and admire the tenement houses built on the nearby streets in the early 20th century. In spring, the Patriarch’s delights with young leaves and grass, while in autumn the Moscow park dresses in yellow and orange colors.

<strong>In winter</strong>, the pond turns into a skating rink with an ice slide and a beautiful Christmas tree. This tradition is so old that in the 19th century, Leo Tolstoy used to bring his daughters here to skate. Sixteen projectors light up the rink at night, projecting snowflakes or floral images onto the ice.

<h2>Where to Take Beautiful Photos</h2>
The most romantic photos are taken near the pond. Capture the swans gliding by and the tree crowns reflected in the water. Unusual shots can be made at night, under the bright evening lights.

<strong>If you come in winter</strong>, photograph the snow-covered monuments and benches in the park, the lights on the Christmas tree, and the original light installations on the ice rink.

<h2>Famous People at Patriarch’s</h2>
The Moscow district where Patriarch’s Ponds are located began active development in the 19th century, and by the early 20th century, representatives of the creative intelligentsia settled here.

<strong>Among the famous residents of the area:</strong><ul><li>Marina Tsvetaeva was born and lived in Trekhprudny Lane</li><li>Leo Tolstoy came here in winter to skate</li><li>Aleksey Tolstoy enjoyed strolling along the pond</li><li>Alexander Blok lived in one of the lanes</li><li>Anton Chekhov rented a house here before his trip to Sakhalin</li><li>Vladimir Mayakovsky lived in the district</li><li>Vasily Surikov and Vasily Polenov had workshops here</li></ul>
<strong>In house No. 10</strong> on Bolshaya Sadovaya Street lived Mikhail Bulgakov, thanks to whose works Patriarch’s Ponds gained worldwide fame.

<h2>Museum-Theatre “Bulgakov House”</h2>
For admirers of Mikhail Bulgakov’s works, a must-visit is the museum-theatre “Bulgakov House,” located at 10 Bolshaya Sadovaya Street. From 1921 to 1924, Mikhail Afanasyevich lived here in apartment No. 50 — the very “bad apartment” where many events of “The Master and Margarita” took place.

<strong>The museum’s permanent exhibition includes:</strong><ul><li>old photographs</li><li>documents</li><li>Bulgakov’s medical instruments</li><li>an electronic exhibition of his manuscripts</li><li>films based on Bulgakov’s works</li></ul>
The museum organizes tours of the nighttime capital, visiting places connected with Bulgakov and mysticism. Theatrical performances, concerts, exhibitions, and seminars are held here.

<strong>Opening hours:</strong> Tuesday to Sunday inclusive, closed Monday. Hours: 12:00–19:00 and 14:00–21:00.

<h2>How to Get to Patriarch’s Ponds</h2>
Patriarch’s Ponds are hidden in courtyards among the many lanes of central Moscow. They are located between Malaya Bronnaya Street, Ermolaevsky Lane, and Maly and Bolshoy Patriarch’s Lanes.

<h3>By Metro</h3>
The best way is to walk from the metro stations:<ul><li>Mayakovskaya</li><li>Tverskaya</li><li>Barrikadnaya</li><li>Pushkinskaya</li></ul>
The distance from any station does not exceed one kilometer, so the walk through the city center offers views of old Moscow architecture.

<strong>From Mayakovskaya station</strong> go along Bolshaya Sadovaya Street and, reaching Malaya Bronnaya, turn left.

<strong>From Pushkinskaya or Tverskaya stations</strong> exit toward Bolshaya Bronnaya. Walk along it until Bolshoy Kozikhinsky Lane, turn right, then turn left at Maly Kozikhinsky Lane.

<h3>Exact Address</h3>
Patriarch’s Ponds are located at: 7 Bolshoy Patriarch’s Lane, Building 1.

<h2>Prices for Visiting and Entertainment</h2>
<strong>Entrance to the park around the pond:</strong> free
<strong>Guided tour of Patriarch’s Ponds:</strong> from 300 rubles
<strong>Quest-tour “The Master, Margarita, and Moscow”:</strong> from 600 rubles
<strong>Skating rink at Patriarch’s Ponds:</strong><ul><li>Entrance — free</li><li>Skate rental — 300 rubles/hour for adults, 200 rubles/hour for children</li><li>Deposit — 2000 rubles</li><li>Storage — 100 rubles</li></ul>

<h2>Practical Information</h2>
<strong>Address:</strong> between Malaya Bronnaya Street, Ermolaevsky Lane, and Maly and Bolshoy Patriarch’s Lanes
<strong>Opening hours:</strong> 24/7
<strong>Coordinates:</strong> 55.764091, 37.591922

Patriarch’s Ponds is a unique place where history and modernity, literature and reality, mysticism and everyday life of the capital intertwine. Thanks to Mikhail Bulgakov, every cultured person in the world knows of this place, and the atmosphere of old Moscow makes it perfect for romantic walks and cultural leisure.

Patriarch’s Ponds

Krutitsy Metochion is a picturesque architectural ensemble that immerses visitors in the atmosphere of medieval Moscow from the 13th to the 18th centuries. Cobblestone paths, majestic red-brick cathedrals, and towers adorned with intricate tiles create a unique sense of antiquity. Today, it is an active religious center with ongoing church services, museums, and regular historical tours.

<h2>History and Development of Krutitsy Metochion</h2>
<h3>Foundation of the Monastery and Connection with the Golden Horde</h3>
The history of the metochion began in the 13th century and is closely linked to the period of the Mongol-Tatar yoke. In 1261, by the initiative of Prince Alexander Nevsky, an Orthodox diocese was established in the capital of the Golden Horde, Sarai-Batu, to provide spiritual support for Russian captives and to conduct missionary work among the local population.

In 1272, by order of Prince Daniel of Moscow, the youngest son of Alexander Nevsky, a monastic metochion was founded on the high bank of the Moscow River in the Krutitsy settlement. Here, the bishops of the Sarai Diocese would stay during official visits to Moscow princes and metropolitans, though the main residence remained in the Mongol-Tatar capital.

<h3>Becoming a Permanent Residence</h3>
The situation changed in the mid-15th century, when the Golden Horde began to weaken and the Russian population in Sarai-Batu declined. In 1454, Bishop Vassian transferred the episcopal see to Krutitsy, making it the permanent residence of the diocese. From that moment, Krutitsy hierarchs became active participants in the political life of the Moscow state.

<h3>The Golden Age in the 17th Century</h3>
The second half of the 17th century marked the peak of the monastery’s prosperity. The <strong>Cathedral of the Assumption</strong> was built, an ornate terem (tower chamber) with colorful tiles was constructed, and a picturesque garden with a fountain was laid out. Within the metochion operated a “scholarly brotherhood” — an educational center where religious-philosophical discussions were held, books were translated, and astronomical observations were conducted.

During the Time of Troubles in 1612, members of the people’s militia led by Minin and Pozharsky stayed on the territory of Krutitsy. Here they swore an oath to liberate Moscow from Polish invaders.

<h3>Decline and New Purpose</h3>
The 18th century brought serious trials. After the abolition of the Patriarchate in 1721 and the devastating Trinity Fire of 1737, the metochion lost its former importance. In 1764, the Sarai and Don Diocese was abolished, and church property was transferred to the Chudov Monastery in the Kremlin.

From 1785, the territory came under the jurisdiction of the Military Department. Barracks, the office of the Moscow military commandant, and an underground political prison were established here. In 1834–1835, the famous writer and revolutionary Alexander Herzen was imprisoned within these walls.

<h3>The Soviet Period and Revival</h3>
After the October Revolution of 1917, the metochion faced hard times. Church services ceased in 1924, sacred artifacts were looted, and frescoes were painted over. The Cathedral of the Assumption was turned into a dormitory, and the Church of the Resurrection was converted into barracks.

The first restoration works began in 1948 and continued for three decades. In the 1960s, the complex received museum status, and part of the buildings was transferred to the State Historical Museum. The revival of religious life began in the 1990s, when the metochion was returned to the Russian Orthodox Church. Since 1992, services have resumed in the Cathedral of the Assumption.

<h2>Architectural Ensemble: Main Attractions</h2>
<h3>The Cathedral of the Assumption — the Architectural Dominant of the Metochion</h3>
The <strong>Cathedral of the Assumption</strong> is considered the central structure of the monastic complex. Researchers believe that the first wooden Church of Saints Peter and Paul stood here in the 13th century. The current building was constructed in the second half of the 17th century in the Moscow Baroque style.

The cathedral reaches 30 meters in height and is the largest building on the territory. It is made of red brick without plaster, giving it a striking appearance. The building is crowned with five domes, also made of brick, and since the restoration of the 2000s, covered with black copper and gilded crosses.

The interior features restored 19th-century paintings. Of special value are two ancient icons: the <strong>Theodorovskaya Icon of the Mother of God</strong> (18th century) and the <strong>Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God Hodegetria</strong> (18th–19th centuries) — both are copies of miracle-working icons.

Adjacent to the cathedral stands a graceful tent-roof bell tower with small windows, also made of unplastered brick.

<h3>Krutitsy Terem — the Gem of the Metochion</h3>
The most ornate and impressive structure is the <strong>Krutitsy Terem</strong>. These are double passage gates topped with a red-brick tower, built in the 1690s in the Moscow Baroque style.

The facade is covered with colorful tiles featuring plant ornaments and decorated with window frames supported by spiral columns. According to some researchers, about two thousand tiles were crafted by the famous master Stepan Ivanov, nicknamed “Polubes.” The Holy Gates are also adorned with 19th-century frescoes depicting the Dormition of the Virgin Mary.

From the terem, covered arcaded galleries extend in both directions, connecting the Metropolitan’s Chambers with the Cathedral of the Assumption. These galleries are decorated with relief friezes and large multicolored tiles.

<h3>The Metropolitan’s Chambers — Palace of the Krutitsy Lords</h3>
The two-story <strong>Metropolitan’s Chambers</strong> were built in 1655 and served as the residence of the Krutitsy metropolitans. The palace appears massive — in some places, the walls are 120 centimeters thick.

The facade is decorated with carved window frames, and on the south side stands a grand staircase with white railings and balustrades. The first floor housed service rooms, while the second contained living quarters and reception halls. Currently, entry is closed due to ongoing restoration work.

<h3>The Church of the Resurrection of the Word (Cross Chamber)</h3>
The first mention of this church dates back to the mid-14th century. Initially dedicated to the Dormition of the Virgin Mary, it was rededicated to the Resurrection of the Word after the construction of the new Cathedral of the Assumption in the 17th century. The church served as the house chapel for bishops, and its basement contained a burial crypt.

Over the centuries, the building was repeatedly rebuilt. At the end of the 18th century, it was secularized and used as barracks and storage until the 20th century. Today, it combines elements from different periods: the white-stone basement dates from the 15th century, the substructure from the 16th, and the upper tier from the mid-18th century.

<h3>The Riverside Chamber and Other Buildings</h3>
The <strong>Riverside Chamber</strong> appeared in 1719. This low one-story building with barred windows originally housed the kitchen. In the late 18th century, it was handed over to the military and converted into prison cells. In the 1830s, writer Alexander Herzen was imprisoned in one of them.

The chamber received its name due to its location on the high bank of the Moscow River, offering a picturesque view. Today, the building is under restoration.

<h2>What to See: Museums and Exhibitions</h2>
<h3>The Museum of Moscow’s Military History</h3>
Since 2019, the <strong>Museum of Moscow’s Military History</strong> has been operating in the Cross Chamber. Its halls display replicas of military armor and uniforms from various eras — from medieval knights to the mid-20th century. Visitors can see chainmail, banners, muskets, spears, and cannons.

The museum’s feature is its interactive format. Most exhibits are displayed without glass; visitors can touch and even try some on. There’s also a small archaeological section showcasing fragments of original Krutitsy tiles.

All guides wear historical costumes of Vikings or 17th-century streltsy. Programs include quizzes, games, and workshops. Visitors can:
<ul><li>Learn to write on birch bark</li><li>Create a copy of an old coin</li><li>Duel with training swords (safe replicas)</li><li>Try on chainmail or a helmet</li></ul>
On the courtyard grounds, historical reenactments, folk games, lectures, puppet shows, and medieval music concerts are regularly held. Visitors can also take photos in period costumes.

<h3>The Lapidarium — an Open-Air Museum</h3>
On the metochion grounds is a unique exhibition of ancient stone slabs with examples of old scripts. Several tombstones from the 15th–19th centuries are displayed in the open air. Some 18th-century gravestones are built directly into the gallery walls.

Each exhibit has an information plaque with text transcription, making the ancient inscriptions accessible to all visitors.

<h2>Holy Relics of Krutitsy Metochion</h2>
The monastery archives preserve over 300 icons from various periods. The main relics include four particularly revered icons:

<ul><li><strong>Theodorovskaya Icon of the Mother of God</strong> — an 18th-century copy of the Kostroma miracle-working icon</li><li><strong>Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God Hodegetria</strong> — a rare early 19th-century copy</li><li><strong>Kazan Icon of the Mother of God</strong> — one of the oldest icons of the metochion, rediscovered in 2018</li><li><strong>Icon of Saint Panteleimon the Healer</strong> — an exact 1905 copy of the Athonite miracle-working icon</li></ul>

<h2>Visitor Information</h2>
<h3>Opening Hours and Service Schedule</h3>
Krutitsy Metochion is open daily from 8:00 to 20:00. Admission is free. Services are held several times a week in the Cathedral of the Assumption. The current schedule for the coming month is published on the official website.

<strong>Typical Service Schedule:</strong>
<ul><li>Morning Liturgy — starts at 9:00</li><li>Vigil — starts at 17:00</li><li>Matins on Saturdays — starts at 8:00</li><li>Akathist before the Theodorovskaya Icon — Thursdays at 17:00</li><li>During Lent, Liturgies of the Presanctified Gifts are held twice a week</li></ul>
The Museum of Military History operates Wednesday to Sunday from 11:00 to 19:00 by appointment. Tours can be booked by phone or online.

<h3>How to Get to Krutitsy Metochion</h3>
Address: Moscow, Krutitskaya Street, 17 (sometimes listed as 8 or 11).

<strong>By Metro:</strong>
<ul><li>Proletarskaya Station (Tagansko-Krasnopresnenskaya Line) — 10 minutes on foot</li><li>Krestyanskaya Zastava Station (Lyublinsko-Dmitrovskaya Line) — 10 minutes on foot</li><li>Taganskaya Station (Tagansko-Krasnopresnenskaya Line) — about 15 minutes on foot</li></ul>
<strong>By Ground Transport:</strong>
<ul><li>Trams “A” and No. 38 — stop “Dinamovskaya Street”</li><li>Buses No. 9, 156, 608, and N13 (night route) — stop “Dinamovskaya Street” or “Arbatetskaya Street”</li></ul>

<h3>Contact Information</h3>
<ul><li>Cathedral of the Assumption phone: +7 (495) 676-97-24</li><li>Metochion administration: +7 (495) 676-30-93</li></ul>

<h2>Krutitsy Metochion in Cinema</h2>
Thanks to its unique atmosphere and well-preserved historic architecture, Krutitsy Metochion has repeatedly served as a filming location for historical movies. Scenes from the following films were shot here:

<ul><li>“War and Peace”</li><li>“Naval Cadets, Forward!”</li><li>“Secrets of Palace Revolutions”</li><li>“Boris Godunov”</li><li>“Yermak”</li><li>“Ivan the Terrible” (1991) — scene of Prince Serebryany’s fight with a bear</li><li>“Brother 2” by Alexei Balabanov</li></ul>

<h2>Conclusion</h2>
Krutitsy Patriarchal Metochion is an outstanding monument of Old Russian architecture, preserving the unique atmosphere of medieval Moscow. Majestic red-brick chambers, an ornate tiled terem, picturesque galleries, and ancient cathedrals create a one-of-a-kind architectural ensemble.

Here, religious life, historical heritage, and museum activity are united. Visitors can admire the ancient architecture, attend services, or take part in interactive tours, historical reenactments, and educational programs.

Krutitsy Metochion is a place where every detail preserves the memory of seven centuries of Russian history — from the Mongol-Tatar era to the present day. Walking its cobblestone paths, one can feel the spirit of old Moscow and touch the rich cultural legacy of Russia.

Krutitsy Metochion

The Spasskaya Tower is one of the most recognizable architectural symbols not only of Moscow but of all Russia. Its majestic silhouette with chimes and a ruby star is familiar to every resident of the country. It is under the chimes of the Spasskaya Tower that Russians welcome the New Year, and the structure itself has remained a witness to the most important events in national history for centuries.

<h2>History of Construction and Development</h2>
<h3>Construction under Ivan III</h3>
The construction of the Spasskaya Tower began in 1491 by order of Grand Prince Ivan III. The project was designed by the famous Italian architect Pietro Antonio Solari, who worked on strengthening the northeastern part of the Moscow Kremlin. Initially, the structure was called the Frolovskaya Tower, named after the Church of Saints Florus and Laurus, located nearby on Myasnitskaya Street.

The original structure was a four-sided white stone tower, about half the height of the current one. A massive barbican adjoined the building, providing additional protection for the gates. Inside the gateway, metal portcullises were installed that could be lowered in case of attack.

<h3>Architectural Reconstruction of the 17th Century</h3>
At the beginning of the 17th century, when the Kremlin lost its defensive significance, the towers began to be decorated with ornamental details. In 1624–1625, the English architect Christopher Galloway, together with Russian architect Bazhen Ogurtsov, carried out a large-scale reconstruction. Several tiers were added to the main structure, and a tall stone spire in the Gothic style was erected. The height of the tower reached 67 meters without the finial.

The facade was enriched with exquisite decorations: white stone turrets, a carved belt of pointed arches with floral ornaments, and sculptural images of lions, bears, and peacocks. The top of the spire was crowned with a double-headed eagle — the symbol of Russian statehood.

<h3>Renaming to Spasskaya</h3>
By decree of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich on April 16, 1658, the Frolovskaya Tower was renamed the Spasskaya Tower. There are two versions of the origin of this name. According to the first, the renaming is associated with the icon of the Savior Not Made by Hands, placed above the gate facing Red Square. According to another version, the name came from the road leading to the Spaso-Smolensky Church, which passed through the tower.

<h2>Architectural Features</h2>
<h3>Structure and Dimensions</h3>
The Spasskaya Tower has a square base and consists of ten tiers. The total height of the structure, including the ruby star, is 71 meters. The massive barbican with its passage gates is protected by thick walls capable of withstanding a serious siege.

The architectural design of the tower combines the functionality of a military fortification with the elegance of decorative art. The multi-tiered composition creates an impression of upward aspiration, emphasized by the vertical divisions of the facade and the pointed spire.

<h3>Decorative Ornamentation</h3>
The white stone decoration gives the tower its special expressiveness. A carved band of pointed arches encircles the upper part of the main structure. Floral ornaments intertwine with sculptural images of animals, creating a rich play of light and shadow on the facade.

In the 17th century, the devout Tsar Fyodor Mikhailovich ordered that the figures of nude people on the lace-like belt of the tower be covered with robes. However, this decor was destroyed in a fire and has not survived to this day.

<h2>Holy Relics of the Spasskaya Tower</h2>
<h3>Icon of the Savior Not Made by Hands</h3>
In the mid-17th century, a copy of the miraculous icon of the Savior Not Made by Hands was placed above the gate from the inner side of the tower. According to legend, the original image saved the city of Khlynov from a plague epidemic that raged across the country. Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich ordered the icon to be moved to a Moscow monastery, and the copy was placed above the Spasskie Gates.

From that moment, the gates were considered sacred. Passing through them was allowed only on foot, and men had to remove their hats before the image of the Savior. Those who violated this rule were required to perform fifty prostrations as penance.

During the Soviet era, the icon was lost, but in 2023 it was recreated from archival documents and returned to its original place.

<h3>The Smolensk Savior of the 16th Century</h3>
On the Red Square side, above the passage of the Spasskaya Tower, there is another icon — the Smolensk Savior, dating from the 16th century. This image miraculously survived because in the 1930s, Soviet architects did not destroy it but instead covered it with plaster for preservation.

The icon was discovered only in 2010 during restoration work. When the face of Christ began to appear under the plaster, researchers realized they had found a true relic. The image was carefully covered with wire mesh and plastered over — likely by workers who did not want to destroy the shrine.

<h3>Chapels at the Spasskaya Tower</h3>
At the beginning of the 19th century, two small chapels were built next to the barbican of the Spasskaya Tower. They belonged to St. Basil’s Cathedral on Red Square. The red brick buildings in the Russian style were decorated with ornate archivolts and low spires with domes. The chapels stood until 1925, when they were demolished as part of the anti-religious campaign.

<h2>The Kremlin Chimes</h2>
<h3>History of the Clock on the Tower</h3>
The first clock on the Spasskaya Tower appeared presumably in the late 15th or early 16th century. However, detailed information is available only about the mechanism installed in 1625 under the supervision of Christopher Galloway.

This clock had an unusual design: a huge five-meter dial was decorated with depictions of the starry sky, sun, and moon. Instead of the usual numbers, letters of the Old Church Slavonic alphabet were used. The hour hand, shaped like a sunbeam, remained stationary while the dial itself rotated. The belfry contained 13 bells for striking the hours.

<h3>Evolution of the Clock Mechanism</h3>
By order of Peter I in 1709, a new mechanism with a twelve-hour dial was installed, following a German model. The clock played musical melodies, but in the 1770s it was replaced with chimes that played an Austrian tune. After the Moscow fire of 1812, this mechanism broke down.

The modern chimes were made by the brothers Nikolai and Ivan Butenop in the mid-19th century. They restored the old English mechanism and installed dials 6.12 meters in diameter on all four sides of the tower. The clock played the Preobrazhensky Regiment march in the morning and Dmitry Bortnyansky’s hymn in the evening.

<h3>Damage and Restoration in 1917</h3>
During the October fighting of 1917, a shell hit the Spasskaya Tower, damaging the clock mechanism. By order of Vladimir Lenin, master Nikolai Berens repaired the chimes in 1919. From then on, the clock played revolutionary tunes: “The Internationale” at noon and a funeral march at midnight.

<h3>Modern State of the Chimes</h3>
The massive clock mechanism occupies three floors of the tower — from the eighth to the tenth tiers — and the belfry is located at the very top. The dials face all four sides, with Roman numerals 72 centimeters tall. The hour hand is almost three meters long, and the minute hand exceeds three meters. The hands and numbers are gilded, and the total weight of the structure exceeds 25 tons.

After a major restoration in the 1990s, the chimes began to play the Russian national anthem and the melody “Glory” from Mikhail Glinka’s opera *A Life for the Tsar*. In 2017, the belfry was supplemented with 12 new bells cast at a factory in Voronezh. The mechanism was modernized: the clock is now wound by electric motors, and oil is automatically supplied to the gears.

Today, the chimes strike every hour. The Russian anthem sounds at noon, 6 p.m., and midnight, while “Glory” is played at 3 a.m., 9 a.m., 3 p.m., and 9 p.m.

<h2>The Ruby Star</h2>
<h3>The Double-Headed Eagle — Symbol of Tsarist Power</h3>
Since the 16th century, the top of the Spasskaya Tower’s spire was crowned with a gilded double-headed eagle — the coat of arms of the Russian Empire. The first finials were made of wood, later of gilded copper. The last imperial eagle was installed on the tower in 1912.

<h3>The First Soviet Star</h3>
To mark the 18th anniversary of the October Revolution in 1935, the double-headed eagle was replaced with a five-pointed star. It was designed by artist Fyodor Fyodorovsky, made of copper, and decorated with Ural gemstones. The center of the star was adorned with the emblem of the USSR, from which golden rays radiated. The span of the star’s points was 4.5 meters, and its weight reached one ton.

However, after two years, the decoration lost its brilliance and festive appearance. The first star was dismantled and later installed on the spire of Moscow’s Northern River Terminal.

<h3>The 1937 Ruby Star</h3>
In May 1937, a new illuminated star made of special ruby glass, resistant to temperature changes and mechanical damage, was installed on the Spasskaya Tower. The span of the rays was 3.75 meters. The structure was made to rotate like a weather vane.

Inside the star was a powerful 5-kilowatt lamp. To maintain a rich red color, the lamp burns brighter during the day than at night. Throughout its history, the illumination was turned off only twice: during the Great Patriotic War and during the filming of Nikita Mikhalkov’s historical film *The Barber of Siberia*.

<h2>Legends and Interesting Facts</h2>
<h3>Napoleon’s Tricorne</h3>
According to legend, when French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte entered Moscow through the Spasskie Gates, a sudden gust of wind blew his hat off. The superstitious commander took it as a bad omen. During his retreat from Moscow, Napoleon ordered the Spasskaya Tower to be blown up, but Cossacks managed to extinguish the fuses and thus saved the historic structure.

<h3>Ancient Bell of 1769</h3>
In the belfry of the Spasskaya Tower, there remains a bell cast in 1769. This historic instrument marks the passage of time, and it is its sound that Russians hear on New Year’s Eve as the chimes count down the last seconds of the outgoing year.

<h3>A Fortress Within a Fortress</h3>
The Spasskaya Tower was so well fortified that it could withstand a siege even if the Kremlin walls fell. This made it a true fortress within a fortress, capable of enduring a prolonged assault.

<h2>The Importance of the Spasskaya Tower</h2>
<h3>The Main Gate of the Kremlin</h3>
For centuries, the Spasskie Gates served as the main ceremonial entrance to the Kremlin. Through them, tsars entered before coronations, solemn processions passed, and military regiments departed for battle. Foreign ambassadors and high-ranking state guests entered the fortress through the Spasskaya Tower.

Before their coronation, all Russian rulers, starting with Mikhail Romanov, solemnly entered the Kremlin through these gates. On Palm Sunday, the road under the gate was covered with red cloth and decorated with willow branches.

<h3>Traditions and Customs</h3>
By the Spasskie Gates stood a special box for petitions to the tsar, where any subject could drop a written appeal. This custom ended by order of Peter I.

During the Soviet era, the tradition of reverence for the tower continued in new forms. Through the Spasskie Gates, the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces would drive out to preside over military parades on Red Square, and the ceremonial changing of the honor guard by Lenin’s Mausoleum also took place here.

<h3>A Symbol of Russia</h3>
Today, the Spasskaya Tower has become one of the main symbols of Russia. Its image is recognized worldwide, and the chimes on New Year’s Eve mark the arrival of the new year for millions of Russians.

Since August 2014, visitors can exit to Red Square through the Spasskie Gates, although entry into the Kremlin is still only through the Kutafya Tower. In exceptional cases, the gates are fully opened — for example, for the passage of the presidential motorcade during the inauguration.

<h2>The “Spasskaya Tower” Festival</h2>
In honor of this famous structure, an international military music festival called “Spasskaya Tower” is held annually on Red Square at the end of August or beginning of September. Military bands from Russia and other countries take part, demonstrating their mastery of march and ceremonial music.

<h2>How to Get to the Spasskaya Tower</h2>
The Spasskaya Tower is located on Red Square, opposite St. Basil’s Cathedral. You can get there in several ways:

<ul><li>By metro to the stations “Okhotny Ryad,” “Ploshchad Revolyutsii,” “Biblioteka imeni Lenina,” or “Kitay-Gorod”</li>
<li>By bus route No. 10 or other routes to the stops “Red Square” and “Varvarka”</li>
<li>On foot while walking through the historical center of Moscow</li></ul>
You can admire the tower from Red Square absolutely free of charge. To enter the Cathedral Square of the Kremlin, you need to purchase an entrance ticket, which allows you to see not only the Spasskaya Tower but also the entire architectural ensemble of the Kremlin.

<h2>Conclusion</h2>
The Spasskaya Tower of the Moscow Kremlin is an outstanding monument of Russian architecture that combines the defensive power of a medieval fortress with the elegance of decorative art. For more than five centuries, the tower has witnessed the most important events in Russian history, transforming from a military stronghold into one of the main national symbols.

Its majestic architecture, ancient relics, famous chimes, and ruby star make the Spasskaya Tower a unique monument where different historical eras coexist in harmony. Today, this structure continues to function: the chimes strike every hour, and on New Year’s Eve, their sound marks the beginning of the new year for the entire country.

A visit to the Spasskaya Tower and Red Square allows you to touch centuries of Russian history, feel the grandeur of Russian architecture, and understand why this place remains the spiritual and historical heart of the nation.

Spasskaya Tower

Kuskovo Estate

<strong>“Bunker-42” on Taganka</strong> is one of the most unusual museums in the capital. It’s not just a historical place but a real underground complex 65 meters deep, once home to a secret military facility from the Cold War era. Today, visitors can walk through corridors hidden for decades, see genuine equipment used by military signalmen, and feel the atmosphere of the nuclear standoff period.

<h2>Secret Facility in the Heart of the Capital</h2>
The <strong>"Bunker-42"</strong> facility (code names "CHZ-293", "GO-42") is a unique deep fortification structure located in the central part of Moscow. The history of this underground complex began at a turning point in world history, when the emergence of nuclear weapons forced a complete rethinking of national security concepts.

<h2>Background to the Bunker’s Creation</h2>
Design of the classified facility began in 1945, after the U.S. used atomic bombs against Japan. This new type of weapon of mass destruction required adequate protective measures. Joseph Stalin set an ambitious dual task for Soviet scientists: to create the USSR’s own atomic bomb as quickly as possible and, at the same time, to develop effective means of protecting the population and government from nuclear attack.

<h3>Choosing the Location</h3>
In the autumn of 1947, the <strong>"Metoproject"</strong> institute presented a technical plan for the classified facility under the code name “Object 02.” The Tagansky Hill area was chosen for construction due to several strategic factors:
<ul><li>Proximity to the Moscow Kremlin ensured rapid evacuation of top leadership</li><li>Dense urban development provided natural camouflage</li><li>Possibility of connecting to the metro infrastructure</li></ul>
The state expert commission assessing the project was headed by Lieutenant General of Engineering Troops Alexander Yakovlevich Kalyagin.

<h2>Construction of the Underground Fortress</h2>
<h3>Technical Specifications</h3>
In 1950, the construction and installation department of Mosmetrostroy began implementing the grand project. The structure’s parameters were determined by the results of the first Soviet nuclear tests conducted in 1949 at the Semipalatinsk Test Site. The depth of <strong>65 meters</strong> and special design were intended to provide complete protection from all destructive factors of a nuclear explosion.

<h3>Construction Challenges</h3>
Builders faced an unprecedented challenge: to erect a massive underground structure in the densely populated city center while maintaining total secrecy. They had to avoid damaging city utilities and prevent any information leaks to foreign intelligence agencies. The design was modeled after previously built protective structures of similar purpose.

<h3>Construction Stages</h3>
<strong>1952</strong> — completion of the main load-bearing structures of the underground complex  
<strong>Summer 1953</strong> — installation of life-support systems  
<strong>April 1954</strong> — facility begins operation; communication lines and specialized equipment installed  

The work proceeded at a rapid pace under the best specialists of “Metrostroy.” Soil excavation was carried out through four construction shafts previously used in the creation of Moscow Metro lines.

<h2>Years of Operation and Functional Purpose</h2>
<h3>Equipment and Communication</h3>
In 1955–1956, large-scale installation of technical systems took place. The USSR Ministry of Communications ensured the transmission of secret government and military messages, maintaining communication with radio centers both within the Soviet Union and in Warsaw Pact countries. For electronic warfare and communication with aircraft across the country, more than <strong>1,000 shortwave transmitters</strong> were used.

<h3>Command Post of Strategic Aviation</h3>
For three decades—from commissioning until 1986—the underground bunker controlled long-range strategic bombers armed with nuclear weapons. The facility functioned as a backup command post, capable of maintaining continuous control of the armed forces even in the event of nuclear war.

However, technological progress did not stand still. Designed in the realities of the 1950s, the bunker gradually lost its ability to withstand the new generation of precision weapons. This critical facility required modernization or relocation to a more protected site.

<h2>Cold War Museum: A New Life for a Secret Facility</h2>
<h3>Declassification and Transformation</h3>
Just as the once-impenetrable Moscow Kremlin became a historical monument, the secret “Bunker-42” opened its doors to the public. Yet even today, this unique complex continues to serve an important educational and cultural mission.

Every day, visitors descend 65 meters underground to immerse themselves in the era of confrontation between two superpowers—when humanity stood on the brink of global nuclear conflict.

<h3>Architectural Features of the Complex</h3>
The Cold War Museum is located in an underground facility covering more than <strong>7,000 square meters</strong>. The bunker consists of four parallel tunnels, each 9 meters in diameter, connected by a network of smaller passageways. The complex is linked to the Moscow Metro by two secret corridors, providing rapid evacuation and supply access.

<h3>Museum Exhibition</h3>
The museum’s collection features unique artifacts from the Cold War era:
<ul><li>Soviet military radio stations and communication devices</li><li>Chemical protection suits of various models</li><li>Gas masks for civilian and military use</li><li>Geiger counters for measuring radiation levels</li><li>Soviet-era propaganda posters</li><li>A reconstructed office of Joseph Stalin</li></ul>

<h2>Visiting the Museum: Practical Information</h2>
<h3>Opening Hours and Visiting Rules</h3>
It’s important to note that independent visits are not allowed — tours are available only as part of organized groups. Descent and ascent are made via a historic staircase, allowing visitors to fully experience the atmosphere of a secret military facility.

<strong>Opening hours:</strong> group tours are held daily from 10:00 to 20:00 (last group forms at 20:00). Advance booking is required. Private tours and visits after 21:00 must be booked and paid at least one day before the visit.

<h3>Age Restrictions</h3>
For safety reasons, children under 8 years old are not allowed to visit the museum. Visitors under 14 must be accompanied by adults.

<h3>Excursion Programs</h3>
The museum offers a variety of interactive programs for complete immersion into the Cold War era:
<ol><li>Exploring the secret tunnels of the underground complex</li><li>Familiarization with Cold War-era weapons</li><li>Study of communication and strategic aviation control systems</li><li>Interactive historical reenactments</li></ol>

<h2>Historical Significance of the Site</h2>
“Bunker-42” stands as a remarkable monument of the Cold War era and a crucial element of the USSR’s civil defense system. This unique facility demonstrates the scale of Soviet preparations for a potential nuclear conflict and the technological level of mid-20th-century defense industry.

The museum is located at <strong>Moscow, 5th Kotelnichesky Lane, Building 11</strong>. The nearest metro station is “Taganskaya” on the Circle Line.

Visiting this military-historical complex allows modern generations to comprehend the magnitude of the confrontation between two world systems and appreciate the fragility of the peace we live in today.

Bunker-42

The Cathedral of Christ the Saviour is a majestic symbol of faith, victory, and the rebirth of Russia. As the country's largest Orthodox cathedral, it attracts pilgrims and tourists from all over the world. In this article, we will explore the history of the cathedral's creation, its architectural features, interior decoration, sacred relics, and also provide practical advice: opening hours, visiting rules, and how to get there. If you are planning a trip to Moscow, the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour should definitely be included in your itinerary.

<h2>The History of Creating Russia's Greatest Orthodox Cathedral</h2>
The Cathedral of Christ the Saviour rises in the center of Moscow as a monument to the Russian people's victory in the Patriotic War of 1812. This grand structure was created in gratitude to the Lord for saving Russia from Napoleon's invasion.

Emperor Alexander I issued a manifesto for the construction of a cathedral in honor of Christ the Saviour on December 25, 1812, on the day the Patriotic War ended, when the last occupiers left Russian territory. The decision to erect a grand memorial cathedral was met with enthusiasm in all layers of Russian society.

<h3>The First Project on Sparrow Hills</h3>
Initially, a competition was announced, which was won by architect Alexander Vitberg's project. In 1817, a solemn foundation laying ceremony took place on Sparrow Hills. The project was striking in its scale—the height of the structure was to be 237 meters.

However, construction encountered serious difficulties related to soil instability and underground water. In 1826, Emperor Nicholas I ordered the cessation of the cathedral's construction at this location.

<h3>Construction on Volkhonka According to Konstantin Ton's Project</h3>
In 1832, after a new competition was held, the project of renowned architect Konstantin Ton was approved. Nicholas I chose a location for construction near the Kremlin, on Prechistenskaya Embankment.

Construction began in 1839 and continued for more than 40 years. Marble tablets with the names of fallen Russian soldiers and officers—participants in the 1812 war—were installed in the church galleries. The cathedral's construction was completed in 1883, and the cathedral became a visible embodiment of the faith and strength of the Russian people.

<h2>The Cathedral's Tragic Fate in the Soviet Period</h2>
After the October Revolution, the Bolsheviks spoke of the necessity of demolishing the cathedral. Moscow Patriarch Tikhon created a society for the cathedral's protection in 1918, but this only helped temporarily.

On December 5, 1931, by personal order of Joseph Stalin, the cathedral was blown up. The magnificent structure turned into a pile of rubble. Several miraculously surviving frescoes are now kept in the Donskoy Monastery. The marble that lined the cathedral's walls was used to face three stations of the Moscow Metro under construction. Part of the plaques with the names of Russian heroes were ground up and the crumbs were scattered on pathways in a city park.

On the site of the cathedral, the construction of a grand Palace of Soviets 400 meters high was planned. However, these plans were not destined to be realized. In the early 1960s, a swimming pool was built here, which existed until the perestroika era.

<h2>The Revival of the Sacred Site in the Late 20th Century</h2>
Moscow always remembered the cathedral. As soon as it became possible, the capital's residents organized a support society for the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, which all of Russia quickly joined.

A new chapter in the cathedral's history began—reconstruction. The cathedral's architects were Mikhail Posokhin and Alexei Denisov. Restoration work took five years.

In December 1999, a true miracle happened—on the eve of Christmas, the revived cathedral opened its doors to visitors. Today it is the main Cathedral of the Russian Orthodox Church, accommodating up to ten thousand people simultaneously.

<h2>Architectural Features of the Magnificent Cathedral</h2>
<h3>Composition of the Cathedral Complex</h3>
The complex includes the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, the Church of the Transfiguration, the Chapel of the Sovereign Icon of the Mother of God, as well as a beautiful and well-maintained park.

The building's cross-section resembles a perfect cross. The new cathedral was recreated using the plans, diagrams, and sketches of the original construction from the last century, but with a number of innovations, such as the stylobate section.

<h3>Exterior Design</h3>
The solemn and elegant building of Russia's main Orthodox cathedral is very aesthetic; it can be admired from various angles. The cathedral's facade is designed laconically, solemnly, and distinctively. Bas-reliefs capture the memory of the defenders of the Russian land.

The sanctuary's massive doors impress with their painting and magnificent wood and stone carvings. Sculptures of angels with outstretched wings are located on the gate arch.

The porch is made of dark red fine-grained granite. The cathedral's bell tower has 14 bells that ring four times a year on the days of major Orthodox holidays.

<h3>The Church of the Transfiguration and the Chapel</h3>
Located next to the cathedral, the Church of the Transfiguration was erected to honor the memory of the Alexeyevsky Old Maiden Monastery, which was located here in the past. The interior is designed in the style of the 16th century; the parish was consecrated in mid-1996.

The church's key relic—the icon "The Saviour Not Made by Hands," created by master artist E. S. Sorokin—survived the complex's destruction during the Soviet period.

The chapel dedicated to the Sovereign Image of the Mother of God features a wooden structure and miniature dimensions. Its main treasure is the "Sovereign" icon of the Mother of God.

<h2>The Magnificence of the Interior Decoration</h2>
Inside the cathedral, one's breath is taken away by the beauty and grandeur of the wall paintings depicting images of saints and biblical scenes, ancient icons, and unique church utensils. The space under the dome is painted with images of God, and the lower part—with scenes from the earthly life of Jesus Christ.

Four hundred of Russia's best artists participated in recreating the paintings. The total painted area is 22 thousand square meters.

The unique large iconostasis, 26 meters high, is made in the form of a white marble octagonal chapel and decorated with paintings from the lives of saints.

Spotlights and fixtures with halogen lamps are used to illuminate the vaults, walls, and space under the dome. Rich and calm green, burgundy, and golden shades predominate in the interiors.

On the cathedral's lower level is a gallery of military glory, reminding descendants of important moments from the Patriotic War of 1812—marble memorial plaques with information about battle dates, names of surviving heroes, wounded and fallen are installed here.

<h2>Sacred Relics and Miracle-Working Icons of the Cathedral</h2>
<h3>Venerated Images</h3>
Upon crossing the church's threshold, visitors see the luxurious decoration of walls, galleries, and arches. The dome, arches, and walls are painted with scenes depicting stories from the earthly life of Jesus Christ, his crucifixion, resurrection, and ascension.

Permanently stored here are icons considered miraculous: "Smolensk Mother of God," the ancient "Saviour Not Made by Hands," the image of Nicholas the Wonderworker, five icons of Moscow hierarchs. A large collection of Russian and foreign icons is in the museum's exposition.

<h3>Especially Venerated Relics</h3>
Believers especially venerate a fragment of Jesus Christ's garment. According to the Gospel, the Saviour's garment was cut into four parts. One of the fragments was kept in the Orthodox community of Georgia, and in the 17th century was presented to Patriarch Filaret and Tsar Mikhail Fyodorovich.

Every year during the Feast of the Robe of the Lord, on July 23, the relic is shown to parishioners.

Another relic is a nail from the Saviour's cross. This iron nail, about 15 centimeters long, came to Russia in the 18th century. Initially, the relic was kept in the Kremlin, and since 2008 it has been in the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour.

A particle of the Mother of God's robe, according to tradition, was taken from the garment of the Virgin Mary. Shortly before her death, the Virgin Mary bequeathed her tunic to the widows who faithfully served her.

The cathedral's repository contains relics and particles of great princes, as well as of the Metropolitans of Moscow, such as Alexander Nevsky and St. Peter. The relics of St. Filaret, who carried out his ministry for 46 years, are especially venerated by pilgrims.

<h2>The Museum of the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour</h2>
The rich and tragic fate of the cathedral is presented in the museum's exposition, located on the ground floor of the Church of the Transfiguration. The museum was opened in 1999.

The museum is a long, spacious gallery that curves in a semicircle around a large part of the cathedral's foundation. Visitors' attention is drawn not only to the exhibits but also to the luxurious floor made of multicolored marble with amazing patterns.

The exhibits demonstrate the stages of the cathedral's history: from the inception of the idea of construction after the 1812 war to its recreation in 1999.

The exposition includes many archival documents, collections of photographs, and histories of state and public figures. Personal belongings of Moscow patriarchs are carefully preserved. Several authentic fragments of the altar from the cathedral blown up in 1931 are presented.

The Patriarchal Museum of Church Art houses one of Russia's largest collections of icons. Many images were created in the 14th-16th centuries.

Museum admission is free, and photography is allowed in the premises, which is prohibited in the church building.

<h2>The Hall of Church Councils and Cultural Events</h2>
The Hall of Church Councils is called the capital's most prestigious venue. It was opened in 2000. In this elegant, solemn hall, church and secular events are held: meetings of public and business circles, symphony music concerts, choirs, children's holidays, and Christmas performances.

During the Christmas holiday period, performances for children and adults are staged in the Hall of Church Councils. Christmas tales on biblical themes are told in an understandable, playful form.

<h2>Observation Decks with Panoramic Views of Moscow</h2>
The observation deck consists of four long open terraces located between the bell towers around the cathedral's perimeter at a height of 40 meters above ground. Canopies protect visitors from rain and snow.

From the observation deck, a mesmerizing circular view of central Moscow opens up: the monument to Peter I, the Red October confectionery factory, the Variety Theater, the Kremlin, the Moscow River embankment, Poklonnaya Hill, and Stalin's skyscrapers.

Entrance to the observation deck is paid. Visitors go up by elevator, but must descend on foot, by stairs.

<h2>Excursions and Cultural Programs</h2>
Local guides will introduce travelers to key milestones in the cathedral's history—from laying the first stone in the 19th century to the solemn opening of the revived cathedral. They will also reveal the building's architectural features and help decipher the symbolism of the decoration.

Excursion programs to the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour often include walks through historical sites around the cathedral, where you can see old mansions and buildings from the Soviet era.

<h2>Service Schedule and Choirs</h2>
Church services are held daily. The exact schedule is available on the cathedral's website. Live broadcasts of services on Christmas, Easter, and other holidays are also conducted.

Two church choirs are organized on the basis of the cathedral: the Patriarchal and the Transfiguration. Performances can be heard live at services, as well as during television broadcasts.

<h2>Opening Hours of the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour</h2>
The cathedral is active; services are held daily. The cathedral is open for visits on Monday from 13:00 to 17:00, Tuesday through Sunday from 10:00 to 18:00.

The Church of the Transfiguration can be accessed every day from 8:00 to 19:30. The chapel is open from 10:00 to 17:00 daily.

<h2>Rules for Visiting the Cathedral</h2>
The Cathedral of Christ the Saviour lives an ordinary church life—people pray here, wedding and baptism sacraments are performed. Visitors are asked to dress in accordance with Orthodox tradition: long trousers are mandatory for men, and for women—a skirt, covered top, and head scarf.

Entrance to the cathedral on ordinary days is free. On Christmas and Easter holidays, entry to the central part is by ticket, which is dictated by safety considerations. Entry to the side chapels to participate in holiday services is free.

Upon entering the building, you must pass through metal detectors. Photography and other types of filming are not allowed inside. During visits, eating, loud talking, and laughing are prohibited. Phone sounds must be turned off.

<h2>How to Get to the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour</h2>
There is a metro within walking distance of the cathedral. You can also reach it by public transport or taxi.

<h3>By Metro</h3>
The "Kropotkinskaya" station is the closest to the cathedral. After exiting onto the platform, you need to find signs indicating the exit to the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour and follow the signs.

<h3>By Ground Transport</h3>
You can reach the cathedral by buses m5, m6, and c755, which stop near the "Kropotkinskaya" metro. Bus c755 will take you to the "Prechistenskaya Embankment" stop, which has the closest stop to the cathedral—"Soymonovsky Passage."

<h2>Location</h2>
The building rises in the very center of the city between Volkhonka Street and Prechistenskaya Embankment of the Moscow River. The cathedral's address: Moscow, Volkhonka Street, 15.

From the structure, the Patriarchal Bridge crosses to the other side of the river, from which the Kremlin and the monument to Peter I are visible. The bridge is always full of travelers who take photographs against the backdrop of the capital's historical landmarks.

<h2>Conclusion</h2>
You can visit the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour as part of an excursion group or independently. The guides' stories evoke different feelings: from delight when describing the construction and creation of the cathedral's paintings to aching pain from stories about the destruction of ancient icons, unique bas-reliefs, and frescoes.

The opportunity to touch a long-gone time and understand the full magnitude of the people's heroic feat to liberate their native land leaves no one indifferent. No less of a feat was accomplished by the people who, by 1999, brought back from oblivion the destroyed memory of the people.

The cathedral is a visible monument to the Russian people for valor and heroism, as well as a "spiritual bridge" between Russia's past and present.

Cathedral of Christ the Saviour

Amid the modern skyscrapers and glass facades of Moscow, the Petrovsky Traveling Palace looks like a true fairy tale from the past. Red brick walls, Gothic towers, and carved domes transport visitors to the era of Russian emperors. This 18th-century architectural masterpiece witnessed royal coronations, hosted Napoleon, and later educated future cosmonauts. Today, the palace combines the functions of a museum, a luxury hotel, and a government residence, remaining one of Moscow’s most mysterious landmarks.

<h2>History of the Traveling Palace</h2>
<h3>The Vision of Catherine the Great</h3>
<strong>Construction of the palace began in 1776</strong> by personal order of Empress Catherine II. Russia’s victory in the Russo-Turkish War inspired the empress to create a majestic residence at the entrance to Moscow from Saint Petersburg. The journey between the two capitals took about two weeks, so the imperial entourage needed comfortable stops for rest.

Catherine chose a site on Khodynka Field, where architects Vasily Bazhenov and Matvey Kazakov had built festive pavilions to celebrate the victory over the Turks. The empress was so impressed by their work that she ordered a permanent residence to be built in a similar style. The project was entrusted to the talented architect Matvey Kazakov, who spent seven years bringing the grand vision to life.

<h3>Name and Purpose</h3>
The palace received its name not in honor of Peter I, as many think, but from the Vysoko-Petrovsky Monastery, which owned the land. <strong>It was called “traveling” because of its function</strong> — emperors stopped here before their ceremonial entry into Moscow. Although such residences were often called “palaces for one night,” the architect provided everything needed for extended stays: quarters for the retinue, stables, and service buildings.

Catherine II herself visited the palace twice: she stayed four days in 1785 and ten days in 1787. During the second visit, the empress dismissed her guards to show trust in her people. Grateful subjects kept watch outside her windows all night, guarding their sovereign’s rest.

<h2>The Palace’s Fate in the 19th Century</h2>
<h3>The Last Step to the Throne</h3>
Under Paul I, a tradition arose that turned the stop at Petrovsky Palace into an obligatory ceremony before coronation. <strong>Every future emperor spent the last night here</strong> before ascending the throne, preparing for the Kremlin festivities. After the coronation, the palace hosted lavish balls for the guests. It even earned the informal name “the last step to the throne.”

<h3>Napoleon’s Invasion</h3>
In September 1812, the palace received an unexpected guest — Napoleon Bonaparte and his guard, who stayed for nearly a week. According to legend, the French emperor watched the burning of Moscow from here. Paradoxically, the palace itself was hardly damaged by the invaders. However, after their retreat, peasants from nearby villages thoroughly looted the abandoned chambers.

<h3>Restoration and New Trials</h3>
In 1830, the building was temporarily converted into a quarantine hospital for cholera patients. Soon afterward, large-scale restoration began based on Kazakov’s original designs with some innovations: columns were added to the main hall, and the corridors were decorated with compositions of old armor. The restorers planned to add Gothic elements to the facades but ultimately preserved the building’s original appearance.

<strong>The coronation of Nicholas II in 1896</strong> became a tragic chapter in the palace’s history. Hundreds of thousands lined up from what is now Belorussky Station to catch a glimpse of the future emperor. The celebrations were overshadowed by the horrific Khodynka Field stampede opposite the palace: about 1,500 people died during the distribution of gifts. Despite the tragedy, festivities in the palace continued, provoking public outrage. Many saw the event as a bad omen — Nicholas II indeed became Russia’s last emperor.

<h2>The 20th Century: From Hospital to Aviation Academy</h2>
<h3>Revolutionary Turmoil</h3>
During World War I, the palace was converted into a military hospital, with tram tracks laid for quick transport of the wounded. After the 1917–1918 Revolution, the building was nationalized and severely damaged: machine-gun detachments occupied parts of it, walls were destroyed, and the first floor turned into a canteen.

The palace passed from one department to another under various commissariats. <strong>Preserving the historical appearance was not a priority</strong> — the main goal was simply to keep the building operational.

<h3>The Air Force Academy</h3>
The palace was saved from total ruin when authorities transferred it to the Zhukovsky Air Force Academy in the early 1920s. The buildings were converted into classrooms where future pilots and engineers trained. <strong>Among the academy’s most famous students was Yuri Gagarin</strong>, who enrolled after his historic spaceflight. Other notable graduates included cosmonauts German Titov, Alexei Leonov, and Valentina Tereshkova.

To meet the academy’s needs, the palace underwent major reconstruction: floors were replaced, and a ventilation system was installed. However, the historic layout was carefully preserved. In the main domed hall, an enormous airship was even suspended — a striking symbol of the palace’s new aviation role.

<h2>The Palace Today</h2>
In the late 1990s, the Petrovsky Traveling Palace was transferred to the Moscow city government. A grand restoration began, lasting over ten years. <strong>Today, the palace serves representative purposes</strong> as the Reception House of the Moscow Government, hosting official meetings, conferences, concerts, and ceremonies.

Within the complex operates a boutique hotel, where guests can stay in rooms ranging from standard to luxurious suites. The interiors combine historical splendor with modern comfort, all styled in elegant Empire fashion. A museum with guided tours of the ceremonial halls is also open, allowing visitors to see reconstructed interiors and antique furniture. Wedding ceremonies in imperial settings are even held on the grounds.

<h2>Architectural Features</h2>
<h3>The Genius of Matvey Kazakov</h3>
The palace’s creator, Matvey Kazakov, had never been abroad and was not directly influenced by European schools. All the more remarkable was his ability to merge multiple architectural traditions in one project. <strong>The palace combined Russian architecture with Western elements</strong>, though some decorative work was done by the Austrian craftsman Johann Just.

<h3>A Blend of Styles</h3>
The complex’s architecture incorporates features from several traditions:
<ul><li>Motifs of German Gothic with crenellated towers and pointed arches, reflecting Catherine II’s heritage</li><li>A dome modeled after the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople — a reminder of the Russo-Turkish victory and allusion to dreams of taking Constantinople</li><li>Pre-Petrine Russian elements: jug-shaped porch columns and half-columns at the building’s corners</li><li>Side wings with turrets and gates creating the impression of a fortress wall</li></ul>
The red brick walls with white ornamentation and multi-pointed Moravian stars on the domes give the palace a fairy-tale appearance. These stars symbolize the Bethlehem Star, though their exact origin here remains a mystery.

<h3>Luxurious Interiors</h3>
Guests first enter the spacious Column Hall with a gallery decorated with busts of Russian emperors. <strong>The grand staircase with marble steps</strong>, covered by a green carpet, leads to the second floor. The walls are painted in soft white and mint tones.

The main jewel is the Domed Hall on the second floor, rising 16 meters from floor to dome peak. The dome is painted in the grisaille technique, known since the Italian Renaissance. The monochrome murals create an illusion of three-dimensional sculptural reliefs. The walls are adorned with stucco featuring double-headed eagles — symbols of the Russian Empire. Remarkably, these decorations survived even the Soviet period.

The antique mirrors are mounted unusually high — they were placed this way to reflect candlelight and enhance illumination. Parquet floors appeared only during Nicholas I’s reign — before that, the nobility walked on plain wooden planks.

<h2>Interesting Facts and Legends</h2>
<ul><li><strong>Legendary treasure:</strong> according to legend, False Dmitry II buried his treasure near the palace during his flight</li><li><strong>A writer in the palace:</strong> in the early 1920s, Mikhail Bulgakov managed the publishing section of the Air Force Academy located here</li><li><strong>Khodynka airfield:</strong> since 1910, the first Russian airfield operated near the palace, where Yuri Gagarin trained in piloting</li><li><strong>Complex area:</strong> the total area is 17,060 square meters, including 6,785 square meters underground</li><li><strong>Moscow’s “dacha Rublyovka”:</strong> in the 19th century, the palace’s surroundings were an elite district where only the wealthy built their summer houses</li></ul>
<h2>How to Visit</h2>
<h3>Address and Transport</h3>
The Petrovsky Traveling Palace is located at: Moscow, Leningradsky Prospekt, Estate 40. <strong>The easiest way to get there is by metro</strong> — to “Dinamo” (Zamoskvoretskaya Line) or “Petrovsky Park” (Big Circle Line). From both stations, it’s a 7–10 minute walk through Petrovsky Park.

For drivers, there is an underground parking lot: free for hotel guests, paid for museum visitors.

<h3>Tours and Tickets</h3>
Access to the palace is only by organized guided tour, which must be booked in advance. <strong>Tickets are available on the Moscow Museum Excursion Bureau website</strong> with date, time, and visitor details required for entry. Tours run Tuesday to Sunday; Monday is a day off.

Tour prices:
<ul><li>Weekdays: 850 RUB (full ticket), 650 RUB (discounted)</li><li>Weekends: 1000 RUB</li><li>Photography: additional 150 RUB</li></ul>
The tour lasts about 1.5 hours and includes visits to all five ceremonial halls, exploring the history and architecture of the palace. Visitors can see a model of the palace, the royal family’s antique chess set, the grisaille-painted domed hall, and more.

<h3>Practical Tips</h3>
<ul><li>Arrive 10–15 minutes early — latecomers may not be admitted</li><li>Wear comfortable shoes with low heels — the parquet floors are slippery</li><li>You may need to present your passport at the entrance</li><li>After the tour, you can visit the “Karamzin” restaurant or buy souvenirs</li><li>If you plan to stay at the hotel, book in advance — there are only 43 rooms</li></ul>
<h2>Nearby Attractions</h2>
<h3>Petrovsky Park</h3>
About 55 hectares of the original park area remain. In the 19th century, it was a true “Moscow Rublyovka,” where wealthy gentlemen built luxurious summer villas. The famous “Yar” restaurant was located here, frequented by lawyer Plevako, Felix Yusupov, and other notable figures. In Soviet times, the “Dinamo” stadium was built on the park grounds.

<h3>Annunciation Church</h3>
The church was built in the early 19th century by noblewoman Anna Dmitrievna Naryshkina in memory of her deceased relatives. <strong>The church’s architecture was designed to match the Petrovsky Palace</strong> — red brick walls with ornate decoration. In 2018, a monument to the victims of the executions that took place in Petrovsky Park after the Revolution was erected here.

<h3>“Black Swan” Villa</h3>
This mansion belonged to philanthropist Nikolai Ryabushinsky from a famous Old Believer family. He founded the literary society “The Golden Fleece,” which united poets Bely, Gippius, Balmont, Voloshin, and Sologub. The villa’s emblem — a black swan in an oval — appeared everywhere, from the facade to the tableware.

<h2>Conclusion</h2>
The Petrovsky Traveling Palace is a unique place where history comes alive in every hall and architectural detail. Here, one can feel the atmosphere of imperial receptions, hear echoes of historic events, and admire Kazakov’s architectural genius. <strong>The combination of a museum, luxury hotel, and government residence</strong> makes the palace a must-visit destination for anyone interested in Moscow’s rich heritage. It remains one of the city’s most underrated attractions, deserving attention from travelers across the country.

Petrovsky Traveling Palace

<strong>Panorama 360</strong> (PANORAMA360) is a unique observation deck located on the 89th floor of the Federation Tower East in the Moscow City business complex. The deck rightfully holds the title of the highest observation platform in Europe and is a four-time record holder in the Russian Book of Records.

<h2>Breathtaking view from 327 meters high</h2>
At over 300 meters above ground level, visitors can enjoy a full 360-degree panoramic view. The tower is strategically located just 4 kilometers from the Kremlin, offering a stunning perspective of Moscow’s central landmarks as if on the palm of your hand.

<strong>The platform offers a view of key Moscow landmarks:</strong>
<ul><li>The Moscow Kremlin and the city’s historic center</li><li>The Cathedral of Christ the Saviour with its golden domes</li><li>The Ostankino TV Tower rising above the city</li><li>The Moscow State University building on Sparrow Hills</li><li>The Luzhniki Sports Complex</li><li>Over 30 other architectural masterpieces of the capital</li></ul>
Six-meter panoramic windows create a sense of complete immersion in the urban landscape. A high-speed elevator takes guests to the 89th floor at a speed of 8 meters per second, turning the ascent itself into an exciting adventure.

<h2>Entertainment and unique attractions</h2>
<h3>The highest ice cream factory in the world</h3>
One of the main attractions of the site is the ice cream production line by “Chistaya Liniya”, created exclusively for Panorama 360. Visitors can observe every stage of production and enjoy unlimited tastings of freshly made ice cream.

<h3>Chocolate factory in the sky</h3>
The highest chocolate factory in the world demonstrates the full production cycle — from cocoa beans to finished candies and hazelnuts in glaze. Every guest can sample chocolate treats prepared at skyscraper height.

<h3>Additional entertainment</h3>
<ul><li>Immersive projection show telling the story of Moscow from its foundation to the present day</li><li>Virtual 3D exhibition with an engaging quest for visitors</li><li>Interactive AR guide via the AR PNR 360 app</li><li>Restaurant “360” for romantic dinners and special events</li><li>Art space with temporary exhibitions</li><li>Souvenir shop with designer items</li><li>Live music in the evening from 19:30 to 21:30</li></ul>
<h2>Ticket prices and types</h2>
<h3>Online purchase prices</h3>
<ul><li><strong>Child ticket for toddlers</strong> aged 2–5 – 500 RUB</li><li><strong>Child ticket</strong> aged 6–14 – 1700 RUB</li><li><strong>Adult ticket</strong> from 15 years – 2600 RUB</li><li><strong>Student ticket</strong> – 2100 RUB</li><li><strong>Family ticket</strong> for 2 adults and 1 child – 6200 RUB</li><li><strong>Family ticket</strong> for 2 adults and 2 children – 7750 RUB</li></ul>
<h3>Prices at the mall ticket office</h3>
<ul><li>Child ticket aged 2–5 – 500 RUB</li><li>Child ticket aged 6–14 – 1900 RUB</li><li>Adult ticket from 15 years – 2900 RUB</li><li>Student ticket – 2750 RUB</li><li>Family ticket for 2 adults and 1 child – 7300 RUB</li><li>Family ticket for 2 adults and 2 children – 9100 RUB</li></ul>
<strong>Important to know:</strong> children up to 1 year old are admitted free of charge upon presentation of a document confirming age. The admission ticket includes unlimited time on the deck, visits to both factories with tastings, and access to the projection show.

<h2>Special offers for guests</h2>
<h3>Romantic dates at altitude</h3>
Panorama 360 offers the organization of unforgettable romantic evenings. The package includes dinner at the restaurant, a table decorated with rose petals and candles, drinks, a fruit platter, and festive table settings. Booking is available via the official website.

<h3>Guided tours</h3>
For those who wish to dive deeper into Moscow’s history and architecture, guided tours are available. They can be purchased on-site for 800 RUB per person. Both group and individual formats are offered.

<h2>Practical information for visitors</h2>
<h3>Opening hours</h3>
<ul><li>Ticket office open daily from 10:00 to 22:00</li><li>Entrance sessions start every hour</li><li>Time spent on the deck is unlimited</li></ul>
<h3>Visiting rules for children</h3>
<ul><li>Children under 14 are allowed only when accompanied by an adult (18+)</li><li>All children aged 0–14 must have a document confirming their age</li><li>Infants under 1 year enter free with proof of age</li></ul>
<h3>Discount tickets</h3>
Discounted tickets can only be purchased at the Afimall City ticket office upon presentation of a document confirming eligibility.

<h2>How to get to Panorama 360</h2>
<h3>By metro – the most convenient way</h3>
<strong>Nearest metro stations:</strong>
<ul><li>Vystavochnaya – the most convenient option with direct access to Afimall City</li><li>Delovoy Tsentr – within walking distance</li><li>Mezhdunarodnaya – a short walk to the tower</li><li>MCC station – also nearby</li></ul>
<strong>Step-by-step route from the metro:</strong>
<ol><li>Exit at Vystavochnaya station and follow signs to Afimall City</li><li>Go up to the second floor in the small atrium</li><li>Find the Panorama 360 ticket counter near the elevators, Marks&Spencer, and Zara Kids</li><li>Purchase or activate your ticket</li><li>Follow staff directions to the Federation Tower East lobby</li></ol>
<h3>By car</h3>
Drivers can use the large underground parking lot at Afimall City, located at 2 Presnenskaya Embankment.

<strong>The parking has three entrances:</strong>
<ul><li>From Presnenskaya Embankment</li><li>From the Third Transport Ring</li><li>From 2nd Krasnogvardeyskiy Proezd</li></ul>
Parking is paid. After parking, follow the same route through the shopping center to the ticket counter on the second floor.

<h2>Why you should visit Panorama 360</h2>
Visiting the observation deck leaves unforgettable impressions thanks to several combined factors. The futuristic architecture of Moscow City creates the feeling of traveling into the future, while the panoramic views allow you to see Moscow’s historic center from a completely new perspective.

<strong>Advantages of visiting:</strong>
<ul><li>See more than 30 landmarks from one point</li><li>Unique entertainment unavailable elsewhere</li><li>Family-friendly format with activities for all ages</li><li>Modern technical equipment with interactive elements</li><li>Unlimited treats from the ice cream and chocolate factories</li><li>Opportunity to celebrate special occasions at great heights</li></ul>
Panorama 360 is especially impressive in the evening when Moscow lights up with millions of lights. The city’s night illumination creates an unmatched atmosphere and offers a completely new view of the capital. In just three years, the platform has welcomed over 1,300,000 guests from more than 30 countries, confirming its status as a must-visit location for both tourists and locals.

<h2>Visiting tips</h2>
<strong>For maximum comfort, it is recommended to:</strong>
<ul><li>Buy tickets online in advance to save time and money</li><li>Bring a camera or smartphone for memorable photos</li><li>Choose clear weather for the best visibility</li><li>Visit in the evening for spectacular night shots of Moscow</li><li>Plan your visit with extra time, as stay duration is unlimited</li><li>Download the AR PNR 360 app for an interactive tour of landmarks</li></ul>
The Panorama 360 observation deck is not just a viewing point but a full-fledged entertainment complex combining breathtaking views, culinary discoveries, and cultural experiences. It’s a place where technology meets tradition and the history of Moscow unfolds from a bird’s-eye view.

Panorama 360

The Hotel “Ukraine” in Moscow is an outstanding architectural monument of the post-war era and one of the famous Seven Stalinist skyscrapers. Today, this building is known as <strong>“Radisson Collection Hotel, Moscow”</strong> and is one of the most prestigious hotels in the Russian capital. Located on the banks of the Moscow River, on Kutuzovsky Avenue, this majestic high-rise attracts tourists from all over the world with its monumentality and rich history.

<h2>History of the Architectural Masterpiece</h2>
<h3>Background of the Stalinist Skyscrapers</h3>
The idea of building high-rise structures in Moscow originated in the 1920s. In 1935, the ambitious Palace of the Soviets project came to the forefront, for which the Cathedral of Christ the Savior was demolished. However, the onset of the Great Patriotic War forced the postponement of these grand plans.

In the postwar period, the country’s leadership returned to the idea of constructing skyscrapers. <strong>In 1947, a decision was made</strong> to erect eight high-rise buildings in the capital. Seven of them were completed — they became known as the “Seven Sisters” and turned into architectural landmarks of Moscow.

<h3>Construction and Opening of the Hotel</h3>
The Hotel “Ukraine” was the last of the Stalinist skyscrapers to be built. The construction took place <strong>from 1953 to 1957</strong> under the guidance of a talented team of architects:
<ul><li>A. G. Mordvinov — chief architect of the project</li><li>P. A. Krasilnikov — co-author of the architectural concept</li><li>V. G. Kashin — structural design specialist</li><li>V. K. Oltarzhevsky — Doctor of Architecture, project consultant</li></ul>
The grand opening of the hotel took place on <strong>May 25, 1957</strong>. Initially, the building was to be named “Dorogomilovskaya,” but it was eventually called “Ukraine” in honor of General Secretary Nikita Khrushchev’s homeland. From the very beginning, the hotel was considered one of the most prestigious in Europe, welcoming distinguished guests — diplomats, artists, musicians, and participants of international festivals.

<h2>Architectural Features</h2>
<h3>Specifications and Dimensions</h3>
The Hotel “Ukraine” impresses with its scale. <strong>The building stands 206 meters tall</strong>, including a 73-meter spire topped with a five-pointed star. The central tower has 34 floors containing guest rooms, while the side wings have 9 to 11 floors with apartments of two to four rooms. The total area of the building exceeds <strong>88,000 square meters</strong>.

<h3>Style and Exterior Design</h3>
The architecture of the hotel is a vivid example of <strong>the Stalinist Empire style</strong>, also known as socialist classicism. The building demonstrates a harmonious blend of monumentality and refined decorative detail. The facade is clad in noble materials:
<ul><li>Granite — gives the building solidity and durability</li><li>Limestone — provides contrast and emphasizes architectural details</li><li>Ceramic tiles — add textural diversity</li></ul>
The central tower is crowned with a majestic spire, flanked by symmetrical wings of strict geometric shape. The corner towers are adorned with stylized wheat ears, sickles, and vases — symbols of the Soviet era. These decorative elements, including the five-pointed stars, have survived to this day, serving as reminders of a bygone epoch and symbols of national pride.

<h2>Interiors and Art Collection</h2>
<h3>Painting and Sculpture</h3>
The interior of the Hotel “Ukraine” is a true museum of art. The building houses an impressive collection featuring <strong>1,256 paintings</strong> and <strong>57 sculptures</strong>. Among the artists represented are:
<ul><li>Alexander Deineka — a classic of Soviet visual art</li><li>Vasily Polenov — renowned Russian painter</li><li>The Kukryniksy group — famous creative collective</li><li>Dmitry Nalbandyan — master of portrait painting</li></ul>
The sculptures are crafted from marble, bronze, porcelain, and plaster. Some have survived from Soviet times, while others were restored or recast during major renovations. The sculptures depict great figures of Russian culture: A. S. Pushkin, A. P. Chekhov, S. A. Yesenin, M. I. Kutuzov.

At the entrance, guests are greeted by monumental sculptures <strong>“Motherhood” and “Queen of the Fields”</strong>, setting a solemn tone for the entire space.

<h3>Ceiling Mural</h3>
On the ceiling of the central hall is a magnificent mural covering 10 square meters titled <strong>“Festival of Labor and Harvest in Hospitable Ukraine”</strong>. It was created in 1957 by artists A. Gavrikov, I. Vaynman, and Ch. Akhmarov specifically for the skyscraper. The mural depicts workers of agriculture and industry holding their tools and fruits of labor — symbolizing the prosperity of the Soviet era.

<h2>The Unique Diorama “Moscow — Capital of the USSR”</h2>
<h3>Creation of the Diorama</h3>
The true jewel of the hotel’s collection is the unique diorama “Moscow — Capital of the USSR.” This remarkable exhibit was created in 1977 by a team of model artists led by <strong>Yefim Deshalit</strong> at the request of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The total model area exceeds 300 square meters, with the painted backdrop covering 97.5 square meters.

<h3>Triumphant Journey Around the World</h3>
The diorama was first exhibited in New York, where it caused a sensation. <strong>30,000 to 40,000 visitors</strong> viewed it daily. Astronaut Neil Armstrong was so impressed that he offered to purchase it, but received the memorable reply: <strong>“Moscow is not for sale.”</strong>

In the 1980s, the diorama toured internationally, visiting many countries. At the Leipzig Fair, it was awarded a gold medal. After returning to the USSR, it was displayed at VDNH, then stored for nearly a decade on Nametkina Street. In 2007, the diorama was acquired at auction specifically for display in the Hotel “Ukraine.”

<h3>Technical Excellence</h3>
The diorama is housed in a specially designed room with modern lighting that simulates day and night. It accurately depicts the historical center of Moscow in 1977 — from Sofiyskaya Embankment to Luzhniki. The level of architectural detail makes this piece truly unique.

Today, the diorama is open to visitors, who can enjoy panoramic views of Soviet Moscow accompanied by an audio guide and slide show.

<h2>Renovation and Modern Hotel</h2>
<h3>Major Restoration</h3>
In 2005, the building was privatized by Biscuit LLC, which began a large-scale renovation lasting until spring 2010. The works included:
<ul><li>Restoration of the facade while preserving its historical appearance</li><li>Reconfiguration and combination of certain rooms</li><li>Complete replacement of engineering systems</li><li>Upgrading plumbing and furniture</li><li>Creation of a modern fitness center in the basement</li><li>Recreation of interiors not completed during the original construction</li></ul>
Special attention was paid to preserving historical heritage. The exterior remained unchanged, and the lobbies, halls, public spaces, and restaurants were restored in their original form.

<h3>Radisson Collection Hotel Moscow</h3>
In April 2010, the renovated building reopened as the five-star <strong>“Radisson Collection Hotel, Moscow”</strong> with the “Royal” designation highlighting its special status. Despite the official renaming, Muscovites and tourists still commonly call it “Ukraine.”

Combining the imperial Stalinist style with top-tier service and modern amenities, the hotel is among the most luxurious in Moscow. It offers <strong>505 rooms</strong> across various categories:
<ul><li>Classic rooms starting at 25 sq. m.</li><li>Superior and Deluxe rooms</li><li>Business and Ambassador suites</li><li>Executive rooms on the 10th–11th floors with club restaurant access</li><li>Presidential suite up to 370 sq. m.</li><li>38 serviced apartments with kitchens</li></ul>
<h2>Hotel Infrastructure and Services</h2>
<h3>Rooms and Amenities</h3>
Each room is equipped with modern conveniences for a comfortable stay:
<ul><li>Free wired and wireless internet</li><li>Interactive and satellite TV with LCD display</li><li>Air conditioning and climate control</li><li>Mini-bar and safe</li><li>International telephone</li><li>Automatic fire suppression system</li></ul>
Bathrooms feature heated floors, imported fixtures with bidet, hairdryer, scales, cosmetic mirror, and exclusive toiletries. Non-smoking and accessible rooms are available.

<h3>Additional Services</h3>
The hotel provides a full range of premium services:
<ul><li>24-hour room service</li><li>Concierge and shoe-shine service</li><li>Dry cleaning, laundry, and tailoring</li><li>Wellness center with 50-meter pool</li><li>Beauty salon and spa</li><li>Fitness center with modern equipment</li><li>Visa support for foreign guests</li><li>Taxi and transfer booking</li><li>Car rental</li><li>Guided tours of Moscow</li><li>Theater and concert ticket reservations</li><li>Interpreter, nanny, and governess services</li><li>Luggage storage</li></ul>
The hotel is equipped with a modern video surveillance and security system ensuring complete safety.

<h3>Business Facilities</h3>
The hotel’s conference center provides everything needed for business events of any scale:
<ul><li>Conference hall with modern equipment</li><li>Meeting rooms of various capacities</li><li>Full-service business center</li><li>Library for quiet work</li><li>Banquet hall for special occasions</li></ul>
<h2>Restaurants and Bars</h2>
The hotel houses <strong>over ten dining establishments</strong> offering a variety of culinary experiences:
<ul><li>“Veranda” — buffet breakfast restaurant</li><li>Club restaurant — exclusive for 10th–11th floor guests</li><li>Italian restaurant “BUONO” — fine dining</li><li>“Mercedes Bar” — fusion of European and Japanese cuisine</li><li>Chinese, Russian, Mediterranean, and Georgian restaurants</li><li>Steak bar for meat lovers</li><li>“Troubadour” karaoke bar under the spire (32nd–34th floors)</li><li>Lobby bar with the Moscow diorama</li><li>Cigar lounge for connoisseurs</li></ul>
In the lobby bar, waitresses wear traditional 1970s-style kokoshniks, adding to the nostalgic Soviet luxury atmosphere.

<h2>Shopping Gallery</h2>
On the first floor, near the 1977 Moscow diorama, lies a shopping gallery with <strong>25 boutiques</strong> featuring luxury goods:
<ul><li>Jewelry from famous brands</li><li>Italian clothing and footwear</li><li>Handmade carpets</li><li>Leather accessories</li><li>Luxury perfumes and cosmetics</li><li>Swiss watches</li><li>Designer eyewear</li><li>Fur products</li><li>Art and antiques</li></ul>
<h2>Observation Deck</h2>
One of the hotel’s highlights is its <strong>33rd-floor observation deck</strong> offering a 360° panoramic view. From 120 meters high, visitors can admire:
<ul><li>Skyscrapers of “Moscow City”</li><li>Golden domes of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior</li><li>Kievsky Railway Station and Europe Square</li><li>Vorobyovy Hills with the MSU main building</li><li>The Russian Government House across the river</li><li>Numerous historic landmarks of central Moscow</li></ul>
In summer, the open-air terrace is accessible, offering even more breathtaking views. At night, when Moscow sparkles with festive lights, the panorama becomes truly enchanting.

<h2>River Cruises from the Hotel Pier</h2>
At Taras Shevchenko Embankment, near the hotel, there is a private pier. All year round, Radisson flotilla boats depart from here, offering restaurant service and sightseeing tours.

The cruise along the Moscow River showcases architectural landmarks, historic bridges, and picturesque parks — from “Moscow City” to Novospassky Monastery. Cruises can be booked via the hotel’s official website or through the cruise company.

<h2>Famous Guests</h2>
Over the years, the Hotel “Ukraine” has hosted many prominent figures. Its imperial style, impeccable service, and status as one of Moscow’s most luxurious hotels have attracted global celebrities:
<ul><li>Robert De Niro — legendary American actor</li><li>Ronaldo and Cristiano Ronaldo — world-famous footballers</li><li>Francis Ford Coppola — iconic film director</li><li>Marcello Mastroianni — Italian actor</li><li>Audrey Tautou — French actress</li><li>Sophia Loren — Italian cinema icon</li></ul>
<h2>Location and Accessibility</h2>
<h3>Address and Area</h3>
The Hotel “Ukraine” is located at <strong>2/1 Kutuzovsky Avenue, Building 1</strong>. It stands in central Moscow on the riverbank, in a prestigious district with developed infrastructure. The Russian Government House is just 300 meters away, and the modern “Moscow City” complex is 2 km from the hotel.

<h3>By Metro</h3>
The nearest metro station is <strong>“Kievskaya”</strong> on the Circle Line (brown line No. 5). The hotel is a 12–15-minute walk from the station, along a clear and direct route — the skyscraper is visible from afar.

Main attractions are easily reachable:
<ul><li>Kremlin and Red Square — 3 km</li><li>Bolshoi Theatre and GUM — 3 km</li><li>Kievsky Station — 10 min walk</li><li>Other train stations — 15–20 min by transport</li><li>Northern River Port — 10 km</li></ul>
<h3>Bus Routes</h3>
Buses along Kutuzovsky Avenue stop directly at the skyscraper. Convenient routes:
<ul><li>No. 91 — regular city route</li><li>No. 116 — passes through the city center</li><li>No. 205 — connects multiple districts</li><li>No. n2 — night route</li><li>No. m2, m27 — premium routes</li></ul>
The stop is called “Hotel Ukraine” — it’s impossible to miss.

<h3>From Airports</h3>
<strong>From Domodedovo Airport (48.5 km):</strong>
Take the express bus to “Domodedovskaya” metro, then travel to “Paveletskaya,” transfer to the Circle Line and go to “Kievskaya.” Travel time — about 1 hour 30 minutes.

<strong>From Vnukovo Airport (31 km):</strong>
Take bus No. 611 to “Yugo-Zapadnaya,” then by metro to “Park Kultury,” transfer to the Circle Line and go to “Kievskaya.” Travel time — about 1 hour 15 minutes.

<strong>From Sheremetyevo-1 (35 km) and Sheremetyevo-2 (32 km):</strong>
Take bus No. 851 to “Rechnoy Vokzal,” then by metro to “Belorusskaya,” transfer to the Circle Line and go to “Kievskaya.” Travel time — from 1 hour to 1 hour 30 minutes depending on traffic.

<h3>Parking and Taxi</h3>
Drivers should note that parking near the Hotel “Ukraine” is paid. On Kutuzovsky Avenue it costs 150 rubles per hour, and directly at the hotel or embankment — 380 rubles per hour.

Taxi services may be more convenient:
<ul><li>Yandex.Go — wide network across Moscow</li><li>Uber — international quality standard</li><li>Gett — fast car dispatch</li><li>Maxim — affordable rates</li><li>Vezet — comfortable rides</li></ul>
<h2>Practical Information</h2>
<h3>Contact Details</h3>
<strong>Address:</strong> 121248, Russia, Moscow, Kutuzovsky Avenue, 2/1, Building 1  
<strong>Phone:</strong> +7 (495) 221-55-55  
<strong>Fax:</strong> +7 (495) 221-55-55  

<h3>Room Rates</h3>
Room prices vary by category and season. A double room typically costs between 17,771 and 39,536 rubles per night. Current rates and availability should be checked on the official hotel website or through booking platforms.

<h2>Conclusion</h2>
The Hotel “Ukraine” is a unique blend of historical heritage and modern comfort. It is not just a hotel but a true architectural monument, an art museum, and a symbol of Moscow. Its grand Stalinist skyscraper, luxurious interiors, rich art collection, unique Soviet Moscow diorama, panoramic observation deck, and impeccable service make every visit unforgettable.

Whether staying as a guest or visiting as a tourist to admire its architecture and exhibits, the Hotel “Ukraine” leaves a lasting impression — a place where history meets modernity and Stalinist luxury harmoniously merges with 21st-century comfort.


Hotel “Ukraine”

The snow-white mansion on Vagankovsky Hill is one of the most beautiful architectural landmarks of the capital. The majestic building, constructed at the end of the 18th century, holds many secrets and has attracted the attention of historians, architects, and ordinary Muscovites for over two centuries.

<h2>The mysteries of construction and the first owner</h2>
The construction of the estate began in 1784 and was completed just two years later — an incredible pace for such a large-scale project of that era. The client was <strong>Pyotr Yegorovich Pashkov</strong>, a retired lieutenant captain of the Life Guards Semenovsky Regiment, the son of Peter the Great’s former orderly.

<h3>The authorship mystery</h3>
One of the main enigmas of the mansion is the name of its creator. Traditionally, the author is considered to be the outstanding architect <strong>Vasily Ivanovich Bazhenov</strong>, but there is no documentary confirmation of this. The Pashkov family archive burned down during the Moscow fire of 1812, taking with it all construction documents.

The author’s style of the building indeed reveals features characteristic of Bazhenov’s works. Historians suggest that the great architect may have worked on the project secretly, while in disgrace with Empress Catherine II after the failure of the Tsaritsyno Palace construction.

<h3>Pashkov’s fortune and the vodka lease</h3>
Pyotr Pashkov significantly multiplied the wealth inherited from his father by engaging in liquor leasing — essentially acting as an intermediary between the state and the population in alcohol trade. His contemporaries called him <strong>the first vodka king of Russia</strong>. With the profits he built a luxurious estate featuring:
<ul><li>Reception halls with exquisite decoration</li><li>A picturesque garden with exotic plants</li><li>Fountains and sculptures</li><li>Peacocks and rare birds in aviaries</li></ul>
However, Pashkov did not live in the mansion for long. According to various sources, he died either four or fourteen years after its completion. There is a version that the construction nearly bankrupted him, and the house, along with debts, passed to his cousin Alexander Ilyich Pashkov.

<h2>Trial by fire and restoration</h2>
During Napoleon’s invasion in 1812, the building suffered greatly from fire. The belvedere with columns crowning the roof collapsed, the galleries between the wings burned out, and only the cast-iron staircases of Kasli casting survived from the luxurious interiors.

The reconstruction of the destroyed mansion was led by the Italian architect <strong>Osip Bove</strong>. By 1818, the building was restored with some changes to its original appearance. A significant portion of the restoration funds was provided by the state treasury, as the estate was already considered one of Moscow’s architectural landmarks.

<h2>New life: from gymnasium to library</h2>
<h3>Educational institutions</h3>
In 1839, the city authorities bought the mansion from the impoverished heirs of Pashkov. The building received a new purpose — first housing the Noble Institute, later transformed into a boys’ gymnasium.

<h3>The Rumyantsev Museum</h3>
A turning point in the building’s history came in May 1862, when it became home to the <strong>Moscow Public and Rumyantsev Museums</strong>. The collection was based on:
<ul><li>The holdings of Moscow University</li><li>The library of Count Nikolai Rumyantsev moved from St. Petersburg</li><li>Private collections of the imperial family</li></ul>
The museum complex included departments of manuscripts, rare books, fine arts, ethnography, numismatics, archaeology, and mineralogy. It was here that Alexander Ivanov’s grand painting <strong>“The Appearance of Christ to the People”</strong> was exhibited — a special Ivanov Pavilion was built for it.

The museum’s library became a true cultural center. Its regular visitor was Leo Tolstoy, who studied ancient manuscripts while working on “War and Peace,” especially materials about Masonic rituals and traditions.

<h3>The Soviet era</h3>
In 1925, the museum exhibits were removed, leaving only the book depository — a branch of the Lenin Library. It stored the rarest manuscripts and publications banned by censorship from free circulation.

The 1930s brought significant changes to the surrounding area. To widen Mokhovaya Street:
<ol><li>The estate’s historic fence was demolished</li><li>The old garden was cut down</li><li>Architect Vitaly Dolganov designed a monumental white staircase</li><li>The Pashkov family coat of arms was replaced with the Soviet hammer and sickle</li></ol>
<h2>Architectural features of the neoclassical masterpiece</h2>
<h3>Composition of the ensemble</h3>
The estate represents a harmonious architectural complex consisting of a central three-story building and two side wings connected by galleries. All elements are aligned parallel to the Kremlin wall, visually increasing the building’s scale and giving it a special grandeur.

<h3>Classical decorative elements</h3>
The facades are adorned with features typical of classicism:
<ul><li><strong>Porticos with colonnades</strong> reminiscent of ancient Greek temples</li><li><strong>Mascarons in the form of lion heads</strong> above the first-floor windows</li><li><strong>Rusticated stone cladding</strong> of the ground floor</li><li><strong>Female statues</strong> on both sides of the porticos symbolizing enlightenment and art</li><li><strong>Floral motifs</strong> in the frieze decorated with caduceus images</li></ul>
<h3>An architectural trick</h3>
An interesting feature of the central portico: the base was designed for six columns, but only four were installed, with the two outer ones replaced by sculptures. This technique creates an effect of lightness and elegance despite the modest facade decoration.

<h3>The crown of the composition</h3>
The roof of the main building is crowned by a round <strong>belvedere</strong> — a distinctive detail that makes the mansion’s silhouette recognizable and unique. According to 18th-century depictions, it was once topped by a majestic statue representing, depending on the version, either the goddess Minerva or the god Mars.

<h3>Unusual orientation</h3>
A romantic legend claims that the offended Bazhenov turned the building’s back to the Kremlin in revenge against the Empress. However, there is a practical explanation: the main entrance was placed on Starovagankovsky Lane, as the ascent from Mokhovaya Street was too steep for horse-drawn transport. The southern slopes were used to lay out a picturesque garden overlooking the Moskva River.

<h2>Interiors and modern use</h2>
<h3>What remains from the past</h3>
Almost nothing of the original 18th-century interior decoration has survived — the 1812 fire and numerous reconstructions changed the interior beyond recognition. However, several elements have endured through the centuries:
<ul><li>The cast-iron staircase of Kasli casting in the side wing</li><li>A black jasper bowl in the corridor</li><li>A marble statue of a reading girl by Italian sculptor Pietro Magni</li><li>The bronze sculpture “Salome” (1902) by Yekaterina Beklemisheva</li></ul>
<h3>The Rumyantsev Hall</h3>
One of the most beautiful reading rooms of the library preserves the atmosphere of a classical book sanctuary. The tables are covered with green cloth, the shelves made of dark wood, and the supports decorated with lion faces and paws — symbols of Freemasonry. Here is located the <strong>manuscripts department</strong> with a collection of about 600,000 written sources, including Mikhail Bulgakov’s archive and 7th-century documents.

<h3>The Music and Sound Recordings Department</h3>
This rich collection includes 35,000 sound recordings on various media — from vinyl records to digital formats. It contains musical performances, political speeches, samples of folklore, and even birds’ voices. The sheet music collection numbers around 400,000 editions, including 16th-century scores with autographs by Prokofiev, Tchaikovsky, and Rimsky-Korsakov.

<h3>The Cartographic Department</h3>
This collection originates from Count Nikolai Rumyantsev’s holdings. Today, visitors can see antique globes, atlases of various formats, and maps dating back to the early 16th century.

<h3>State Rooms</h3>
The <strong>Grand (Ballroom) Hall</strong> with Empire-style stucco, columns, and a stylized chandelier is used for ceremonial events. The windows face the Kremlin, offering an impressive panorama. The cultural and historical center hosts book presentations, literary award ceremonies, international conferences, and the famous annual Easter Ball.

<h2>Legends and mystical stories</h2>
<h3>The secrets of Vagankovsky Hill</h3>
The hill on which the mansion stands is shrouded in mystery. According to legend, hidden beneath it are:
<ul><li><strong>The Library of Ivan the Terrible (Liberia)</strong> — the legendary collection of ancient manuscripts</li><li>Underground passages to the Moscow princes’ casemates</li><li>Secret galleries of underground Moscow</li><li>Hidden tunnels to the Kremlin</li></ul>
During construction work in the courtyard, ancient human remains were repeatedly found, supporting the version of ancient burials on the hill.

<h3>Masonic traces</h3>
There is a persistent belief about Bazhenov’s Masonic affiliation and the mansion’s use for secret lodge meetings. Indirect evidence includes:
<ul><li>Lion mascarons above windows — a Masonic symbol of power, nobility, and courage</li><li>Lion decorations in the interiors of the Rumyantsev Hall</li><li>Caducei in the facade décor — a symbol of commercial luck</li><li>Bazhenov’s disgrace under Catherine II, who feared Masonic influence</li></ul>
<h3>Literary connections</h3>
In his novel <strong>“The Master and Margarita”</strong>, Mikhail Bulgakov sent Woland to admire sunset Moscow precisely from the belvedere of the Pashkov House. Library staff tell stories of encounters with the ghost of writer and bibliographer Nikolai Rubakin, who allegedly helps visitors find the books and manuscripts they seek.

<h2>The dramatic 20th century</h2>
<h3>The 1986 catastrophe</h3>
During the construction of the Borovitskaya metro station, a technological disaster occurred: the foundation sank, and cracks appeared in the walls and floors. The facades were urgently reinforced with metal structures, and in 1989 the building was closed for a large-scale restoration that lasted fifteen years.

<h3>Revival</h3>
Funding for restoration work ceased in the mid-1990s, and the mansion was on the verge of destruction. Only in 2003 were funds found to continue the work. In 2007, the Russian State Library received the symbolic key to the revived architectural masterpiece.

<h2>How to visit the Pashkov House</h2>
<h3>Location</h3>
The mansion is located at <strong>3/5 Vozdvizhenka Street, Building 1</strong>, in the historic center of the capital, opposite Alexander Garden.

<h3>Transport accessibility</h3>
You can get there in several ways:
<ul><li>Metro station “Borovitskaya” (gray line) — right at the foot of the hill</li><li>Station “Biblioteka Imeni Lenina” (red line) — 200 meters away</li><li>Surface transport: buses e10, m6, m9, m11, n11 to the “Metro Biblioteka Imeni Lenina” stop</li></ul>
<h3>Opening hours and visiting rules</h3>
Entrance is free for holders of a Russian State Library reader card. You can obtain it:
<ul><li>At the main library building (3/5 Vozdvizhenka Street) by presenting your passport</li><li>Remotely via the “Gosuslugi” portal</li></ul>
<strong>Working hours:</strong>
<ul><li>Monday, Wednesday, Friday: 12:00–20:00</li><li>Tuesday, Thursday, Saturday: 10:00–18:00</li><li>Sunday — closed</li><li>Last Monday of the month — cleaning day</li></ul>
An alternative way to enter is by attending cultural events. The current schedule of concerts, exhibitions, and lectures can be found on the official website of the library.

<h2>Why you should visit</h2>
The Pashkov House is a unique monument of Russian classicism that combines architectural perfection, a rich history, and an aura of mystery. It is a place where the fates of remarkable people intertwined — from the enigmatic vodka king to the great writer Bulgakov.

Today, the mansion continues to thrive as a cultural hub, remaining one of the main intellectual centers of the capital. The majestic building on Vagankovsky Hill still amazes Muscovites and visitors alike, offering a rare opportunity to see the Kremlin from above and touch the centuries-old history of Russia.

Pashkov House

The Sretensky Monastery is a unique place where centuries of Russian history intertwine. Located just three kilometers from the Kremlin, this ancient monastery is associated with the miraculous salvation of Moscow from Tamerlane’s army and preserves many Orthodox relics. Today, the monastery combines ancient traditions and modernity, offering visitors the opportunity to explore both 17th-century churches and newly built architectural structures.

<h2>Historical Significance of the Monastery</h2>
The foundation of the Sretensky Monastery dates back to the 14th century and is closely connected with one of the key moments in Moscow’s history. The name of the monastery comes from the Old Slavonic word “sretenie,” meaning “meeting.”

<h3>The Legend of Moscow’s Salvation</h3>
In 1395, a serious threat loomed over the Russian lands. The invincible commander Tamerlane, with his vast army, advanced toward Moscow after devastating Yelets. Prince Vasily I, the son of the famous Dmitry Donskoy, understood that the chances of defending the capital were minimal — the forces were unequal.

<strong>Miraculous Deliverance:</strong> Metropolitan Cyprian ordered the transfer of the miraculous Icon of the Mother of God from Vladimir. Muscovites met the holy image on August 26, and that very night, according to legend, Tamerlane had a terrifying vision — the Virgin Mary ordered him to leave Russian lands. Frightened, the conqueror turned his army back.

At the site where the icon was met, a wooden church was built, and later a monastery was founded. Since then, the Feast of the Meeting of the Vladimir Icon has become one of the most important holidays for Muscovites.

<h3>Pages of the Monastery Chronicle</h3>
Over six centuries, the monastery has witnessed various historical eras:

<ul><li><strong>1612</strong> — The headquarters of the Nizhny Novgorod militia was located in the monastery; Prince Dmitry Pozharsky recovered from wounds here after battles with Polish invaders</li>
<li><strong>1679</strong> — During the reign of Tsar Fyodor Alekseyevich, the stone Cathedral of the Meeting of the Vladimir Icon was built, preserved to this day</li>
<li><strong>1707</strong> — Fresco paintings were created by Kostroma and Yaroslavl masters at the expense of Streltsy Colonel Griboedov</li>
<li><strong>1770</strong> — A plague epidemic claimed the lives of almost all the monks</li>
<li><strong>1925</strong> — The monastery was closed by Soviet authorities, and most buildings were demolished</li>
<li><strong>1991</strong> — The monastery was returned to the Russian Orthodox Church, beginning its revival</li></ul>
<h2>Architectural Monuments of the Monastery</h2>
The modern monastery complex unites both ancient and new structures, each representing artistic and spiritual value.

<h3>Cathedral of the Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God</h3>
The stone church of 1679 is the architectural gem of the monastery. The five-domed structure reflects the strict canons of its era — after the patriarchal ban on tent-style architecture, Moscow churches were built according to Byzantine models.
    
<strong>Symbolism of the Domes:</strong> The central golden dome represents Jesus Christ, while the four side domes symbolize the evangelists Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John, who spread Christian teaching throughout the world.
    
The cathedral’s main treasure is the 17th-century frescoes. Remarkably, they survived because during Soviet times they were covered with thick paint and wallpaper. During the 2005 restoration, bright and almost undamaged images were found beneath this layer.
    
In the lower tier of the cathedral lies an underground crypt. Before the Revolution, it served as the burial site of benefactors; during the Soviet period, it was used for tragic purposes — NKVD executions were carried out here.

<h3>Church of the Resurrection of Christ and the New Martyrs</h3>
This modern cathedral, consecrated in 2017, became one of the largest in Moscow — its area is 10,000 square meters. Despite its size, the building harmoniously fits into the historical ensemble thanks to its traditional architectural forms.
    
<strong>Construction Features:</strong>

<ul><li>Built of white Vladimir limestone, like ancient Russian churches of the 12th–13th centuries</li>
<li>Combines elements of Byzantine and Old Russian styles</li>
<li>Height reaches 61 meters</li>
<li>Holds up to 2,000 worshippers, and up to 5,000 with the porch area</li>
<li>Equipped with modern climate control, floor heating, and ventilation systems</li>
<li>Includes facilities for live broadcasting of services</li></ul>
The interior is adorned with frescoes and 47 icons painted in the traditional style.

<h2>Orthodox Relics of the Monastery</h2>
The monastery preserves several revered relics that attract pilgrims from all over Russia.

<h3>Relics of the Holy Martyr Hilarion</h3>
Archbishop Hilarion (Vladimir Troitsky) was an outstanding theologian, writer, and associate of Patriarch Tikhon, as well as the abbot of Sretensky Monastery. During the church persecutions, he continued to preach and serve, for which he was sent to the Solovki labor camp. Even in captivity, the saint earned the respect of guards through his steadfastness and kindness.
    
After Solovki, he was exiled to Kazakhstan, where he contracted typhus and died in 1929. In 1999, his relics were transferred to the Sretensky Monastery, and in 2000 he was canonized. His shrine is located in the central part of the new cathedral.

<h3>Copy of the Shroud of Turin</h3>
One of the few detailed copies of the famous Christian relic is kept in the crypt of the Sretensky Cathedral. The Shroud of Turin is the cloth that, according to tradition, covered Christ’s body after the Crucifixion. The original has been in Italy since 1578, and exact copies are extremely rare. Moscow has only two — one in Sretensky Monastery and the other in the Church of St. Clement in Zamoskvorechye.

<h3>Relic of St. Mary of Egypt</h3>
Saint Mary of Egypt is one of the most venerated Christian ascetics. According to tradition, she lived a sinful youth but experienced spiritual transformation at age 29 in Jerusalem. She then withdrew into the desert beyond the Jordan, where she lived for about 50 years in repentance and prayer.
    
Before the Revolution, the monastery had a church dedicated to her, which contained a relic of her remains. After the monastery’s closure and the church’s demolition, the relic was lost. In the 21st century, it was returned — monks from a Greek monastery on the island of Andros gifted it to the Moscow monastery.

<h3>Copy of the Vladimir Icon</h3>
The original miraculous icon associated with the monastery’s founding is now kept in the church of the Tretyakov Gallery. However, Sretensky Monastery houses a revered copy — the personal icon of Archimandrite John (Krestiankin), the abbot of the Pskov-Pechory Monastery.

<h2>Modern Life of the Monastery</h2>
Sretensky Monastery is known not only for its historical heritage but also for its vibrant cultural activity. It includes:
    
<ul><li>A publishing house that released the bestseller “Everyday Saints” by Metropolitan Tikhon (Shevkunov)</li>
<li>A theological academy that trains clergy</li>
<li>The literary café “Everyday Saints,” open to all visitors</li>
<li>The Sretensky Monastery Choir, famous throughout the Orthodox world</li></ul>
The monastery regularly hosts lectures, concerts of sacred music, creative evenings, and theatrical performances.

<h2>Visitor Information</h2>
<h3>Location and Transportation</h3>
<strong>Address:</strong> Moscow, Bolshaya Lubyanka Street, 19
    
<strong>How to Get There:</strong>

<ol><li>From Lubyanka metro station — 10 minutes on foot along Bolshaya Lubyanka</li>
<li>From Chistye Prudy, Turgenevskaya, or Sretensky Bulvar stations — 7 minutes through Sretensky Bulvar</li>
<li>From Sukharevskaya metro — 10 minutes downhill along Sretenka</li>
<li>By buses M9, M2, or S633 to the “Sretensky Gates” stop</li></ol>
<h3>Service Schedule</h3>
Services are held daily in both churches of the monastery:

<ul><li>6:45 — Brotherhood prayer service</li>
<li>8:00 — Divine Liturgy</li>
<li>18:00 — Evening service</li></ul>
The main feast of the monastery — The Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God — is celebrated on September 8.
    
Up-to-date schedules and changes on feast days can be found on the official website of the monastery.

<h2>Saint Seraphim Hermitage</h2>
The monastery owns a picturesque estate in the Ryazan region, 35 kilometers from the town of Mikhaylov. This architectural complex, over 200 years old, once belonged to Alexander Ermolov, a companion of Catherine the Great. According to legend, the project was designed by the famous architect Vasily Bazhenov.
    
<strong>What to See:</strong>

<ul><li>The restored main estate building, now housing the theological academy</li>
<li>A former livestock yard stylized as a knight’s castle, now converted into monks’ cells</li>
<li>The 19th-century Kazan Church with a rare feature — two bell towers flanking the entrance</li>
<li>An old icon of Archangel Michael, saved by locals in the 20th century</li></ul>
<h2>Conclusion</h2>
The Sretensky Monastery represents a unique blend of antiquity and modernity. Here, six centuries of tradition are carefully preserved, while the monastery continues to develop and remain open to all. Visiting the monastery will be fascinating for both Orthodox pilgrims and lovers of history and architecture. For a more complete experience, it is recommended to use the services of a professional guide who will reveal lesser-known pages of the monastery’s history and share its secrets.

Sretensky Monastery

The Museum of Cosmonautics in Moscow is a unique space where the history of space exploration comes alive through hundreds of thousands of exhibits. Located at the base of the famous "Monument to the Conquerors of Space" at VDNH, the museum opens its doors to the world of cosmic discoveries, technological achievements, and heroic feats of the conquerors of the starry frontier.

<h2>History of the Museum’s Creation</h2>
The appearance of the museum is inseparably linked to the construction of the majestic stele "To the Conquerors of Space," which soared into the sky in 1964. The titanium structure, 107 meters high, depicting the rapid ascent of a rocket, became an architectural symbol of the Soviet Union’s space achievements. The monument’s unveiling was timed to the seventh anniversary of the launch of the first artificial Earth satellite.
    
The idea to create a museum at the foot of the monument belonged to the outstanding engineer <strong>Sergey Pavlovich Korolev</strong>. His proposal received official approval in 1967, but the project took more than a decade to complete. In April 1981, coinciding with the 20th anniversary of Yuri Gagarin’s flight, the grand opening of the Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics took place.
    
The initial exhibition included 106 exhibits, among them the spacesuits of the first cosmonauts, models of spacecraft, and planets. The interior design created the illusion of being in outer space, immersing visitors in the atmosphere of interstellar travel.
    
<strong>A major reconstruction of the museum</strong> took place between 2006 and 2009 and radically transformed its appearance. The exhibition space increased fourfold to 3,720 square meters, while the total area of the museum reached 8,400 square meters. Today, the collection includes over 100,000 items and continues to grow with new exhibits.

<h2>Structure of the Museum Exhibition</h2>
The modern exhibition space is organized chronologically and includes eight thematic halls, each dedicated to a specific stage in the development of astronautics:
    
<ul><li><strong>"Dawn of the Space Age"</strong> — dedicated to the beginning of space research and its first achievements</li>
<li><strong>"Creators of the Space Age"</strong> — tells the story of outstanding scientists and engineers</li>
<li><strong>"Orbital Home in Space"</strong> — showcases life and work on modern space stations</li>
<li><strong>"Exploration of the Moon and Planets of the Solar System"</strong> — presents spacecraft designed for the study of celestial bodies</li>
<li><strong>"Space Exploration for Humanity"</strong> — demonstrates the practical applications of space technology</li>
<li><strong>"International Cooperation in Space"</strong> — highlights joint space projects of different countries</li>
<li><strong>"International Space Park"</strong> — introduces visitors to the space industry of Russia and other nations</li>
<li><strong>"History and Culture of the Space Era"</strong> — combines art and the theme of space</li></ul>
<h2>Key Exhibits of the Museum</h2>
<h3>Replica of the First Artificial Earth Satellite</h3>
A full-scale model of the legendary spacecraft launched in October 1957. The spherical body, 58 cm in diameter and weighing 83.6 kg, is equipped with four antennas reaching 2.9 meters in length. The satellite was placed into orbit using the R-7 launch vehicle, created under Korolev’s supervision.
    
During its 92 days in orbit, the spacecraft completed 1,440 revolutions around the planet, transmitting valuable scientific data to Earth. Thanks to the information obtained, scientists were able to study the upper layers of the atmosphere and ionosphere and assess the impact of space conditions on technical systems. This flight marked the beginning of the <strong>space age of humanity</strong>.

<h3>Belka and Strelka — the First Space Travelers</h3>
In August 1960, the spacecraft "Sputnik-5" delivered an unusual crew to orbit: two dogs, Belka and Strelka, along with mice, rats, and insects. It was the first successful orbital flight of living beings with a safe return to Earth.
    
Their predecessor, the dog Laika, had gone to space three years earlier but perished a few hours after launch. Belka and Strelka spent about a day in orbit, completing 17 revolutions around the planet, and successfully returned home.
    
The story of these heroic dogs gained worldwide fame. They visited schools and children’s institutions, and their achievement was immortalized in books and cartoons. One of Strelka’s puppies was even gifted to <strong>Jacqueline Kennedy</strong>, the wife of the U.S. President. After long lives, the dogs were preserved as taxidermy specimens now displayed alongside the "Sputnik-5" capsule.

<h3>Orbital Station “Mir” — the Pride of the Museum</h3>
A full-scale model of the "Mir" station is the museum’s largest exhibit. The original station was launched into orbit in 1986 and became the world’s first modular orbital complex. Over its 15 years of operation, "Mir" hosted cosmonauts from 12 countries, and more than 30 people performed spacewalks from it.
    
Initially designed for a five-year service life, the station operated until 2001. After reaching the end of its lifespan, its modules were deorbited and sank in a remote area of the Pacific Ocean, informally known as the <strong>spacecraft cemetery</strong>.
    
Visitors can enter one of the mock-up modules and see the real living conditions of cosmonauts — sleeping quarters, workspaces, and scientific equipment — offering a unique chance to feel like part of an orbital crew.

<h3>"Lunokhod-1" — Pioneer of Extraterrestrial Exploration</h3>
In November 1970, the first lunar rover in history — a remotely operated vehicle for moving across celestial bodies — landed on the Moon. "Lunokhod-1" had two main tasks: to study lunar soil and cosmic radiation, and to help select a landing site for a future manned spacecraft.
    
The rover’s design is impressive: over four meters long and about two meters wide and tall. Its maximum speed was 2 km/h. It operated for nearly a year, traveling around 10 km across the Moon’s surface and transmitting a large amount of scientific data.
    
Communication with the rover was lost in September 1971, and its exact location was confirmed only in 2010 by American researchers. The museum displays a full-size model of "Lunokhod-1" alongside the control console used by operators.

<h3>Mars Rover — the First Visit to the Red Planet</h3>
In 1971, the Soviet automatic station "Mars-3" delivered the first Mars rover to the planet’s surface. The mission aimed to study the terrain and soil of Mars, about which little was known at the time.
    
The landing was successful, and the rover even managed to transmit the first blurry image of the Martian surface. However, 14.5 seconds after transmission began, communication was lost. Possible causes include the detachment of the orbital relay station or a powerful dust storm.
    
Despite the short mission, the successful landing of the device on Mars was a <strong>remarkable achievement of Soviet cosmonautics</strong>. A full-scale model of the Mars rover is displayed on the museum’s upper floor.

<h2>Other Notable Exhibits</h2>
The museum’s collection also features many other unique artifacts. Among them — the descent capsule of the "Vostok" spacecraft that brought Yuri Gagarin back from his historic flight. Also displayed are modern "Glonass-M" navigation satellites, various orbital stations, and a model of an interplanetary ship based on the drawings of <strong>Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky</strong>.
    
Of particular interest are the personal belongings of cosmonauts, spacesuits from different generations, archival documents, and photographs. The art collection includes paintings and graphic works on space themes, including pieces by Alexei Leonov — the first person to walk in open space.

<h2>Visitor Information</h2>
<h3>Opening Hours</h3>
The museum is open six days a week. Closed on Mondays. Hours vary by day:
    
<ul><li>Tuesday, Wednesday, Friday, Sunday — 10:00 to 19:00</li>
<li>Thursday, Saturday — 10:00 to 21:00</li>
<li>Ticket offices close 30 minutes before the museum closes</li></ul>
During holidays, the schedule may vary; up-to-date information is available on the museum’s official website.

<h3>Ticket Prices</h3>
The museum offers several ticket categories:
    
<ul><li><strong>Full ticket</strong> — 450 rubles</li>
<li><strong>Discount ticket</strong> (schoolchildren and students) — 300 rubles</li>
<li><strong>Family ticket</strong> (two adults and two children aged 7–18) — 1300 rubles</li></ul>
Discounts are available for pensioners, disabled visitors, veterans, large families, and other groups. Tickets can be purchased both at the museum and online via the official website.
    
Every month, on the third Thursday, the museum is open for <strong>free admission</strong>.

<h3>Location and Transport</h3>
The Museum of Cosmonautics is located at 111 Mira Avenue, next to VDNH Park. There are several ways to get there:
    
<strong>Metro and Monorail:</strong>
<ul><li>Metro station "VDNH" — a few minutes’ walk to the museum</li>
<li>Monorail stations: "Ulitsa Akademika Koroleva", "Vystavochny Tsentr", or "Ulitsa Sergeya Eisensteina"</li></ul>
<strong>Ground transport:</strong> numerous bus routes go to the "Metro VDNH" stop — 76, 136, 311, 536, 599, 803, 834, 903, m2, m53, t36, t73, t76, s585, and others.

<h2>Educational Programs and Events</h2>
The Museum of Cosmonautics actively engages in cultural and educational activities. The facility includes a cinema hall with 98 seats and a conference hall for 130 people, where the following events are regularly held:
    
<ul><li>Themed lectures and meetings with cosmonauts</li>
<li>Educational programs for school and university students</li>
<li>Temporary exhibitions devoted to various aspects of astronautics</li>
<li>Scientific conferences and symposia</li></ul>
The museum also operates a branch — the <strong>House-Museum of Academician S.P. Korolev</strong> on 1st Ostankinskaya Street, where visitors can explore the life and work environment of the great engineer.

<h2>Useful Tips for Visitors</h2>
To make your visit as informative and comfortable as possible, it is recommended to:
<ol><li>Plan your visit on weekdays to avoid long lines</li>
<li>Book a guided tour for detailed commentary on the exhibits</li>
<li>Allocate at least two to three hours for the exhibition</li>
<li>Buy tickets online in advance, especially on weekends and holidays</li>
<li>Visit the museum shop for space-themed souvenirs</li></ol>
<h2>Conclusion</h2>
The Museum of Cosmonautics in Moscow is a unique cultural space where the history of space exploration unfolds through authentic artifacts of the space age. It is a place to not only expand your knowledge of the universe but also to feel a connection to humanity’s greatest achievements.
    
The museum’s exhibition is equally engaging for both children and adults. Interactive elements, the opportunity to peek inside spacecraft, and authentic relics of space flights make the visit unforgettable. Each year, more than 750,000 people visit the museum — and this number continues to grow.
    
For those planning a trip to Moscow, visiting the Museum of Cosmonautics is an excellent way to touch the history of great space achievements and find inspiration for new discoveries. Professional guides will help uncover little-known facts about the exhibits and answer any questions about the conquest of space.

Museum of Cosmonautics

The State Museum of Fine Arts named after A. S. Pushkin (Pushkin Museum) is one of the largest art treasuries in Russia. Every year, more than a million visitors come here to immerse themselves in the world of art — from ancient Egyptian artifacts to masterpieces of European Impressionism. Each hall of the museum complex reveals new facets of humanity’s creative heritage.

<h2>History of the Museum Complex</h2>
The idea of creating a Museum of Fine Arts belonged to Professor Ivan Vladimirovich Tsvetaev of Moscow University, the father of the poet Marina Tsvetaeva. He dreamed of an educational center where students and the general public could study the history of world art through originals and high-quality copies of great works.

Construction began in 1898 after an architectural competition was announced. The winner was Roman Ivanovich Klein, who proposed a neoclassical building reminiscent of an ancient temple. The engineering solutions were developed by Ivan Rerberg and Vladimir Shukhov, who created unique translucent glass ceilings.

The grand opening took place on June 13, 1912, in the presence of Emperor Nicholas II and his family. Initially, the institution was named “The Museum of Fine Arts named after Emperor Alexander III at the Imperial Moscow University.” The collection was formed through private donations, state purchases, and contributions from patrons.

<h3>Post-Revolutionary Period of Development</h3>
After the October Revolution, the museum temporarily suspended its work. Exhibition activities resumed in 1920 with the “Liberated Labor” exhibition, attended by Vladimir Lenin. In 1923, the institution was separated from the university and became an independent organization.

A significant event occurred in 1937 when the museum was named after Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin — to mark the centenary of the poet’s death. During the Great Patriotic War, the collections were evacuated to Novosibirsk and Solikamsk, preserving priceless exhibits from destruction. Restoration of the building and resumption of exhibitions began in 1946.

<h2>Architectural Features of the Main Building</h2>
The central building of the museum impresses with its majestic architecture. The facade is decorated with an Ionic colonnade characteristic of ancient Greek temples. The upper part of the building features friezes depicting the Olympic Games, giving it an antique appearance.

A distinctive feature of the design is the glass roof instead of a traditional one. The architect ensured natural lighting in the halls, allowing exhibits to be viewed without distortion from artificial light. This engineering innovation creates a special atmosphere for viewing works of art.

<h2>Exhibitions on the First Floor</h2>
<h3>Italian Courtyard</h3>
Visitors enter a space filled with majestic copies of Renaissance sculptures. Here stands the famous life-size statue of David by Michelangelo, which has become a symbol of the museum. Nearby rises a bronze equestrian statue of a condottiere, impressive in both scale and realism.

<h3>Ancient Egyptian Collection</h3>
The Ancient Egyptian art hall presents artifacts related to religious rituals and burial cults. Particular attention is drawn to ushabti figurines — statuettes of servants placed in tombs to serve the deceased in the afterlife. The exhibition includes statuettes of priests, models of ritual boats, and well-preserved ancient reliefs.

The jewel of the Egyptian collection is a cosmetic spoon made of ivory. The elegant vessel is shaped like a girl holding a lidded container resembling a lotus flower. This piece demonstrates the highest craftsmanship of ancient Egyptian artisans.

<h3>Greek Courtyard and Classical Antiquity</h3>
The Greek Courtyard amazes with its scale of ancient sculpture replicas. A three-meter statue of Melpomene — the muse of tragedy and patroness of theater — greets visitors. A portico of caryatids 5.8 meters tall and an 18.5-meter fragment of the Parthenon recreate the atmosphere of ancient Athens.

Of special value is an authentic column base from the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, 1.8 meters high. This temple was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Nearby are statues of lions from the Roman sanctuary of Isis and Serapis, a model of the Acropolis, and a statue of the goddess Athena.

<h3>Trojan Collection</h3>
The exhibition of archaeological finds from the excavations of Troy includes over 250 genuine items. Among them are gold diadems, chains, ritual vessels, decorative figurines, and rock crystal artifacts. These objects reveal the level of craftsmanship in the legendary ancient city.

<h3>Ancient Greek and Cypriot Ceramics</h3>
The halls of Ancient Greece and Cyprus display exclusively original works. The collection includes shaped vessels of red and black ceramics, showcasing various painting techniques. The Uvarov Sarcophagus exemplifies ancient funerary art.

Particular attention is given to the Fayum portraits — funerary images created in the 1st–3rd centuries AD. The museum holds 22 such portraits, which make up a significant portion of the roughly eight hundred known worldwide. These works are remarkable for their realism and preservation.

<h3>European Painting of the 13th–18th Centuries</h3>
The first floor features collections of Italian, German, and Dutch masters of the 13th–16th centuries. Several halls are dedicated to European painters of the 17th–18th centuries. Here visitors can see works from various schools and movements of the Renaissance and Baroque periods.

<h2>Exhibitions on the Second Floor</h2>
A large part of the second floor is devoted to temporary exhibitions of modern and classical artists. Current information about ongoing shows and opening dates for new exhibitions can be found on the museum’s official website in the events section.

<h2>Gallery of European and American Art of the 19th–20th Centuries</h2>
A separate building of the museum complex houses 26 halls featuring works by European and American masters. The exhibition covers diverse artistic directions and genres — from Romanticism to the avant-garde — including landscapes, portraits, historical compositions, and still lifes.

<h3>Masterpieces of Impressionism and Post-Impressionism</h3>
The collection includes world-famous paintings assembled by Russian patrons Sergei Shchukin and Ivan Morozov. Among them:

<ul><li>“Portrait of Actress Jeanne Samary” by Pierre-Auguste Renoir — an airy depiction of a young actress in a free painterly manner</li>
<li>“Luncheon on the Grass” by Claude Monet — a study for a monumental composition by the founder of Impressionism</li>
<li>“Blue Dancers” by Edgar Degas — a delicate pastel regarded as the finest embodiment of dance in the artist’s work</li>
<li>“Bois de Boulogne” by Henri Matisse — a vivid work in which the French painter creates his own reality through color</li>
<li>“Red Fish” by Henri Matisse — a contemplative composition inspired by his travels in Morocco</li></ul>
<h3>Works of 20th-Century Avant-Garde</h3>
The gallery presents works by artists who revolutionized the art of the past century:
<ul><li>“Portrait of Ambroise Vollard” by Pablo Picasso — a Cubist depiction of the famous Parisian art dealer</li>
<li>“Girl on a Ball” by Pablo Picasso — a work from his “rose period,” with a touching contrast between a fragile acrobat and a powerful athlete</li>
<li>“Jaguar Attacking a Horse” by Henri Rousseau — a dynamic composition by the French naïve artist</li></ul>
<h2>Department of Private Collections</h2>
The museum holds over 30 private collections, comprising more than seven thousand works of art. The unique approach lies in preserving each collection’s integrity instead of distributing items among traditional museum departments.

Staff aim to maintain the author’s intent and individuality of each collection, emphasizing the collector’s personality. The collection of Russian realist painting from the 19th–20th centuries by S. V. Solovyov was created following the example of Pavel Tretyakov, founder of the famous gallery.

Of special importance is the collection of Ilya Samoilovich Zilbershtein. The scholar and public figure initiated the creation of this department and was the first to donate two thousand paintings and graphic works to the museum. Many collectors bequeath their collections to this department, trusting its careful preservation of artistic values and collectors’ legacies.

<h2>Educational Art Museum named after I. V. Tsvetaev</h2>
The exhibition includes more than seven hundred replicas of ancient art monuments. The originals are kept in major museums in England, Spain, France, and Germany. The exhibits do not duplicate the Main Building’s collection but complement the overall picture of world art development.

The Educational Museum fulfills Ivan Vladimirovich Tsvetaev’s original idea of linking museum exhibitions with the educational process. Art and art history students use the collection to study art history and develop professional skills.

<h2>Memorial Apartment of Svyatoslav Teofilovich Richter</h2>
The residence of the great pianist has been turned into a cultural space that hosts exhibitions, concerts, and creative meetings. During Richter’s lifetime, Moscow’s intelligentsia gathered here for opera rehearsals and film viewings.

The musician organized exhibitions of his favorite artists, turning the apartment walls into galleries for young talents. Richter was passionate about painting; one of the rooms in the memorial space preserves his collection of pastels. Event schedules are posted on the museum’s official website.

<h2>Composition of the Museum Collection</h2>
The collection of the State Museum of Fine Arts includes more than 670,000 exhibits. The exhibition comprises four main categories of works:

<ol><li>Copies of original sculptures of the Ancient World and the Middle Ages, made from molds of originals</li>
<li>Authentic artifacts of ancient civilizations from archaeological expeditions</li>
<li>An art gallery of European paintings from the 8th–20th centuries</li>
<li>Works by European and American masters of the 19th – early 20th centuries</li></ol>
The museum complex ranks among the hundred most visited art institutions in the world. Every year, over a million people tour its halls, exploring both permanent exhibitions and temporary displays.

<h2>Location and Accessibility</h2>
The museum complex occupies several buildings on Volkhonka Street in central Moscow. The main building is located at 12 Volkhonka Street. Nearby are the Gallery of European and American Art (14 Volkhonka Street) and the Private Collections Building (10 Volkhonka Street).

<h3>How to Get There by Public Transport</h3>
The easiest way to reach the museum is by metro. From “Kropotkinskaya” station, it’s about a five-minute walk to the main entrance. From “Borovitskaya” station, the walk takes around ten minutes.

The museum complex is located opposite the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour. A walk from Red Square, Alexander Garden, or Arbat Street takes 10–15 minutes, offering views of Moscow’s historic center.

<h3>Nearby Accommodation Options</h3>
Tourists planning to visit the museum may find it convenient to stay in the Khamovniki district or near Arbat Street. These central areas of Moscow provide walking access to the museum complex and other cultural attractions of the capital, including Red Square. Note that accommodation in the center is more expensive than in the outer districts.

<h2>Opening Hours</h2>
The museum is open to visitors six days a week:

<ul><li>Tuesday and Wednesday: 11:00 – 20:00</li>
<li>Thursday and Friday: 11:00 – 21:00</li>
<li>Saturday and Sunday: 10:00 – 20:00</li>
<li>Monday: closed</li></ul>
Admission ends one hour before closing. During holidays, the schedule may vary; up-to-date information is available on the official website. Memorial apartments and studios operate on special schedules, which are recommended to check in advance.

<h2>Ticket Purchase</h2>
Tickets to the museum complex are available at the ticket offices and online through the official website. Admission prices depend on the visitor’s age and eligibility for discounts. Children under six enter free. Discounted rates are available for schoolchildren, students, pensioners, and members of creative unions.

Various ticket categories are offered: for the permanent exhibition, temporary exhibitions, or combined access to several buildings. Special conditions apply for holders of the “Pushkin Card.” Detailed information about rates and benefits is available on the museum’s website.

<h2>Additional Opportunities for Visitors</h2>
<h3>Educational Programs</h3>
The museum complex offers a variety of educational events. Regular thematic tours are held for both permanent and temporary exhibitions. Visitors can attend art history lectures, creative workshops, and classical music concerts.

Since 2017, the educational project “Pushkin XXI” has been dedicated to contemporary Russian and international art. The program includes meetings with artists, historians, and curators from around the world.

<h3>Virtual Tours</h3>
For those unable to visit in person, virtual tours and online lectures are available on the official website. Digital collections allow visitors to examine exhibits in detail and learn their history from anywhere in the world.

<h2>The Museum’s Role in Cultural Life</h2>
The State Museum of Fine Arts named after A. S. Pushkin (Pushkin Museum) is one of the most important centers for studying and promoting world art. Its rich collections span several millennia of human creativity — from ancient Egyptian artifacts to avant-garde paintings of the 20th century.

Visiting the exhibitions offers an opportunity to relax from everyday concerns, immerse oneself in beauty, and experience aesthetic pleasure. Encountering great works of art fills one with energy, inspiration, and a broader cultural outlook. The State Museum of Fine Arts named after A. S. Pushkin continues to fulfill the educational mission envisioned by its founder, Ivan Vladimirovich Tsvetaev, more than a century ago.

Pushkin Museum

The Bolshoi Theatre of Russia is a <strong>symbol of national theatrical culture</strong>, recognized worldwide. Located in the very heart of Moscow, the majestic building has become an integral part of the country's cultural heritage. The theatre is renowned for its rich traditions of opera and ballet, unique architecture, and distinctive atmosphere.

The Bolshoi Theatre is a legendary place in the world of art — a symbol of Russia’s cultural heritage, famous for its opera and ballet productions. Here, rich history, magnificent architecture, and a contribution to the development of theatrical art come together. In this article, we will explore why the Bolshoi Theatre is so famous, where its name came from, and what can be seen behind its walls besides performances. If you are looking for information about tours of the Bolshoi Theatre or interesting facts about it, read on.

<h2>The Birth of a Theatrical Legend</h2>
The history of the famous theatre began in the spring of <strong>1776</strong>, when Empress Catherine II granted Prince Pyotr Urusov the privilege to hold theatrical performances and entertainment events in Moscow. This event is considered the official founding date of the theatre, although the establishment was originally called the Petrovsky Theatre after its location.

<h3>The Partnership of Urusov and Maddox</h3>
Urusov’s partner was the Englishman Michael Maddox — a talented entrepreneur and mechanic. After a series of financial failures, Urusov transferred the rights to the theatre enterprise to his partner. Maddox built a <strong>three-story brick building</strong> on Petrovka Street, which opened in January 1781 and could accommodate about a thousand spectators.

<h2>Trial by Fire: A Series of Fires</h2>
The fate of the theatre proved to be dramatic. The building repeatedly suffered from devastating fires:
<ul><li>The first fire occurred even before the official opening of Prince Urusov’s theatre</li>
<li>In 1805, fire destroyed the Petrovsky Theatre</li>
<li>The wooden building erected on Arbat Square burned down during the Moscow fire of 1812</li>
<li>The catastrophic fire of 1853 left only the stone walls and colonnade of the theatre</li></ul>
<h3>Rising from the Ashes</h3>
After each disaster, the theatre was rebuilt anew. The most significant reconstruction took place between 1820 and 1825 under the direction of architects Andrei Mikhailov and <strong>Osip Bove</strong>. It was Bove who created the majestic neoclassical building that still adorns Theatre Square today.

<h2>Architectural Splendor</h2>
The modern appearance of the Bolshoi Theatre took shape after its restoration in 1856, carried out by architect <strong>Albert Cavos</strong>. A specialist in theatre construction, he not only rebuilt the building but also significantly improved its design and functionality.

<h3>Unique Acoustics</h3>
Cavos designed the auditorium like a musical instrument. The wooden ceiling made of resonant spruce, special wall upholstery, and papier-mâché decorations created unparalleled acoustics. The sound in the hall is naturally amplified while maintaining crystal clarity.

<h3>The Quadriga of Apollo</h3>
The main adornment of the façade became the <strong>bronze quadriga of Apollo</strong> by sculptor Pyotr Klodt. The chariot of four horses with the ancient god of the arts turned into a recognizable symbol of the theatre, even depicted on Russian banknotes.

<h2>Massive Reconstruction of the 21st Century</h2>
From 2005 to 2011, the Historic Stage was closed for <strong>global restoration</strong>. The work lasted six years and cost more than 35 billion rubles. The result exceeded expectations: the theatre gained six underground levels, modern technical equipment, and almost doubled its area to 80,000 square meters.

<h3>Recreating Historical Interiors</h3>
Restorers meticulously recreated the 19th-century appearance. They studied old techniques and used authentic materials. The gilding was done by hand — 4.5 kilograms of gold leaf were used for the hall’s decoration. The fabrics for the upholstery were recreated based on historical samples using antique looms.

<h2>The Halls and Stages of the Theatre Complex</h2>
<h3>The Historic Stage</h3>
The main auditorium accommodates <strong>1,740 spectators</strong>. Its Renaissance-style interior amazes with luxury: gilded stucco, scarlet draperies, and a massive two-ton crystal chandelier. Each tier is decorated with unique papier-mâché ornaments covered in gold.

<h3>The Beethoven Hall</h3>
An underground concert hall for 330 people appeared during the latest reconstruction. Its unique feature is the mechanical platforms that allow transforming the space and changing the configuration of the stage and audience seating.

<h3>The Imperial Foyers</h3>
A suite of ceremonial halls leads to the Royal Box. The Grand Imperial Foyer is decorated with red satin and silk panels embroidered with colored wool. The Small Foyer is called the Round Hall because of its domed ceiling — it has amazing acoustics, where even a whisper can be heard from the center of the room.

<h3>The New Stage</h3>
The theatre’s branch on Bolshaya Dmitrovka Street opened in 2002. The hall, with 879 seats, is equipped with modern lifting mechanisms. The ceiling is painted according to sketches by theatre artist Léon Bakst.

<h2>The Theatre Museum</h2>
The Bolshoi Theatre Museum holds <strong>200,000 exhibits</strong>: antique posters and programs, costumes from the 18th–20th centuries, and personal belongings of actors and composers. Exhibitions are displayed in special halls showcasing thematic selections from the main collections.

<h2>Repertoire Through the Centuries</h2>
In its early years, the theatre mainly staged dramatic works and comic operas. In the 19th century, legendary Russian operas by Glinka — <strong>“A Life for the Tsar”</strong> and “Ruslan and Lyudmila” — were performed here, along with masterpieces by European composers.

<h3>The Golden Age of Russian Ballet</h3>
The turn of the 19th and 20th centuries marked a flourishing period. The repertoire included operas by Rimsky-Korsakov and Mussorgsky, and ballets by Tchaikovsky — <strong>“Swan Lake”</strong> and “The Nutcracker.” The Soviet era enriched the playbill with works by Prokofiev, Asafyev, and Glière.

<h3>Modern Playbill</h3>
Today, the theatre combines classical repertoire with new productions and modern interpretations of legendary stories. More than eight hundred performances are staged annually across its three venues.

<h2>The Theatre During the War</h2>
During the Great Patriotic War, the troupe was evacuated to Kuibyshev, where performances continued. The building in Moscow was camouflaged as a residential house — thanks to this, it was almost unharmed. In March 1942, the <strong>Seventh Symphony by Shostakovich</strong> was performed on the stage of the evacuated theatre.

<h2>Amazing Facts</h2>
<ul><li>The first troupe had 43 actors; today, the theatre employs over a thousand artists</li>
<li>Two special tulip varieties, bred by a Dutch horticulturist and named after the theatre and ballerina Galina Ulanova, are planted annually in front of the building</li>
<li>On the 100-ruble banknote, Apollo is depicted naked, although the real sculpture after restoration features a fig leaf</li>
<li>The Historic Stage chandelier weighs 2.5 tons and is decorated with 13,000 crystal elements</li>
<li>The Royal and Director’s Boxes are closed to the public — they are reserved for theatre management and honored guests</li></ul>
<h2>How to Visit the Theatre</h2>
<strong>Address of the Historic Stage:</strong> Theatre Square, 1. The nearest metro stations are “Teatralnaya” and “Okhotny Ryad.” The New Stage branch is located at Bolshaya Dmitrovka, 4/2, and the Chamber Stage at Nikolskaya Street, 17/1.

<h3>Theatre Tours</h3>
You can visit the Bolshoi not only for a performance. Guided tours offer a glimpse behind the scenes, into the underground Beethoven Hall, the luxurious 19th-century interiors, and the famous auditorium. The 90-minute tour includes a story about the theatre’s history and, if you’re lucky, a chance to witness a rehearsal.

<h2>The Bolshoi Theatre Today</h2>
The modern Bolshoi Theatre is not just a stage for performances but a <strong>living organism of Russian culture</strong>. Outstanding conductors, directors, and artists work here, many of them recipients of the highest honors. The troupe tours around the world, representing the finest examples of Russian opera and ballet art.

Since 2023, the theatre has been led by conductor Valery Gergiev. Under his direction, the traditions established by his predecessors continue to evolve. The theatre actively uses modern technology: it broadcasts performances online and organizes open-air screenings on the main façade’s large screen.

The Bolshoi Theatre remains a place where classical art meets innovation, where historical heritage is carefully preserved while looking boldly into the future. For any lover of theatrical art, visiting the Bolshoi is an unforgettable experience — a touch of the living history of Russian and world culture.

Bolshoi Theatre

The largest dome screen in Europe, a collection of meteorites weighing more than a hundred kilograms, and the opportunity to see a Martian storm with your own eyes — all of this awaits guests of the legendary science education center on Sadovaya-Kudrinskaya. We tell you why the Moscow Planetarium is worth visiting for every space and science enthusiast.

<h2>From Enthusiasts' Dream to the Country's Main Astronomical Venue</h2>
The Moscow Planetarium opened its doors to the first visitors on November 5, 1929, becoming a pioneer among such institutions in Russia. The initiator of creating the "house of stars" was David Ryazanov, who headed the Marx and Engels Institute. He brought unique projection equipment from Germany, and Soviet architects Mikhail Barshch and Mikhail Sinyavsky designed the recognizable constructivist building with its characteristic spherical dome.

Already in the first years of operation, the planetarium became a true landmark of Moscow. Lectures were given here, an astronomy club operated, and the "Star Theater" staged plays about great scientists of the past. Under the dome, visitors could observe comets, solar eclipses, and even a virtual flight of Tsiolkovsky's rocket.

<strong>Interesting fact:</strong> even during the Great Patriotic War, the planetarium continued to operate without changing its address. And from 1960 to 1975, future cosmonauts underwent training here, studying the basics of astronavigation.

By the 1970s, the Moscow Planetarium reached the peak of its popularity, receiving about a million people annually and becoming the most visited planetarium in the world. After the collapse of the USSR, the institution closed for extensive reconstruction, which stretched on for years. In 2011, the renovated complex reopened to the public, quadrupling in size and equipped with modern interactive equipment and a 4D cinema.

<h2>Multi-Level Cosmos: The Planetarium's Structure</h2>
The Moscow Planetarium is a multi-level complex where each floor reveals new facets of understanding the Universe:

<ul><li><strong>Underground level</strong> — 4D cinema, Small Star Hall, and the first part of the "Lunarium" museum</li><li><strong>First level</strong> — continuation of the "Lunarium" exhibition and the Urania Museum</li><li><strong>Second level</strong> — two observatories, the "Sky Park" astronomical platform (operates seasonally), and part of the Urania collection</li><li><strong>Third level</strong> — the famous Big Star Hall with its grand dome</li></ul>
<h2>Main Venues and Exhibitions</h2>
<h3>Big Star Hall — The Heart of the Planetarium</h3>
The dome screen with a diameter of 25 meters and an area of 1000 square meters — one of the largest in Europe. The central projector creates the illusion of a night sky with 9 thousand twinkling stars, immersing viewers in the atmosphere of infinite space.

The hall's programs are designed for different audiences. "Movement of the Earth" explains the change of seasons and phases of the Moon, "Guiding Stars" teaches the basics of astronavigation and finding constellations, and "Mystery of Life" reveals the secrets of the origin of life on our planet.

<h3>Small Star Hall — Journey with Presence Effect</h3>
Dynamic seats and a curved screen with a 160-degree viewing angle create complete immersion in what's happening on screen. Special glasses erase frame boundaries, enhancing the presence effect.

For young viewers, the film "Mouse Pups and the Moon" is offered — a kind story about curious rodents exploring Earth's satellite with the help of robot astronomers. Older visitors will appreciate "Buran. Space Exploration" — a cinematic narrative about the legendary spacecraft and the evolution of humanity's understanding of the Universe.

<h3>"Lunarium" — Interactive Science for the Whole Family</h3>
The two-level "Lunarium" museum exhibition is an ideal place for a family visit, where no one will be bored. You can spend several hours here, interacting with dozens of exhibits.

Especially popular are:

<ul><li><strong>"Sandstorms on Mars"</strong> — a model with sand and special lighting, where visitors use fans to create a real Martian dust storm</li><li><strong>"Space Scales"</strong> — find out your weight on other planets of the Solar System</li><li><strong>"Periodic Table"</strong> — an interactive laboratory for creating chemical compounds</li><li><strong>Foucault Pendulum</strong> — the largest device in Russia demonstrating Earth's rotation (ball weight 50 kg, cable length 16 meters)</li></ul>
<h3>Urania Museum — Touching Space</h3>
Named after the ancient Greek muse of astronomy, this museum houses a rich collection of historical instruments and celestial artifacts. Among the exhibits are parts of old projectors, navigation instruments (barograph, sextant, compass) that helped sailors make great discoveries.

The jewel of the collection is more than a hundred meteorites of various origins: iron and stone samples, impactites, fragments from the Moon and Mars. The largest weighs 125 kilograms, and it's allowed to be touched. There is a belief: by touching this celestial stone and making a wish, you can expect its fulfillment.

The museum also features telescopes from different eras (including Isaac Newton's reflecting reflector), sundials, and a unique collection of space stained glass depicting nebulae and star clusters.

<h3>"Sky Park" — Observatory Under the Open Sky</h3>
The astronomical platform on the roof operates from May to September and continues traditions established back in 1947. Observatory towers with modern equipment, astronomical instruments from various eras, and educational exhibits are placed here.

Among the interesting objects:

<ol><li>Samrat Yantra sundial — a reconstruction of a device from the Jaipur Observatory, based on a 7th-century design</li><li>Copernicus planisphere for determining the position of planets</li><li>Mikhailov's star map, showing the location of constellations over central Russia at any time</li><li>30-centimeter refractor telescope for observing the Sun, nebulae, and giant planets</li></ol>
<h3>Theater of Fascinating Science — Education Through Play</h3>
A special project for children aged 5-8 introduces young researchers to the laws of nature through interactive classes. "Constellation of the Argonauts" teaches navigation by stars through ancient Greek myth, "Star Bears" helps memorize the outlines of the Big Dipper, and "Adventure of a Water Droplet" explains the water cycle in nature.

<h2>Practical Information for Visitors</h2>
<h3>How to Get There</h3>
<strong>Address:</strong> Sadovaya-Kudrinskaya Street, Building 5, Structure 1 (historic center of Moscow, near the Garden Ring).

<strong>Nearest metro stations:</strong> "Barrikadnaya" and "Krasnopresnenskaya" — about 10 minutes on foot.

<strong>Ground transport:</strong> buses No. 239, 379, B, s344, s369.

<h3>Hours and Cost</h3>
The planetarium is open daily from 10:00 AM to 9:00 PM, closed on Tuesdays. "Sky Park" operates only in the warm season (May-September) from 11:00 AM to 9:00 PM.

<strong>Approximate ticket prices:</strong>

<ul><li>Big Star Hall and Urania Museum — from 700 rubles</li><li>"Lunarium" — from 800 rubles</li><li>Small Star Hall — from 200 rubles</li><li>4D cinema — from 500 rubles</li><li>"Sky Park" — 200 rubles</li><li>Guided tours with planetarium staff — from 2500 rubles</li></ul>
Tickets are sold online on the official website and at ticket offices two weeks in advance. Prices vary depending on the day of the week, time, and seat category. Discounts are provided for schoolchildren, students, and pensioners.

<h2>Why You Should Visit the Moscow Planetarium</h2>
This is not just a museum — it's an entire universe under one dome. It combines historical significance (a constructivist monument celebrated by Mayakovsky, a place visited by Sergei Korolev) with cutting-edge technologies of modern science.

The planetarium offers quality entertainment for the whole family: while children create Martian storms and find out their weight on Jupiter, adults can immerse themselves in the mysteries of the Universe's formation or enjoy contemplating an artificial but mesmerizingly realistic starry sky.

A visit can be stretched over several hours or you can spend a whole day here, having a snack at the retro cafe or "Telescope" restaurant. The "ISS" space souvenir shop sells not only commemorative gifts but even real meteorites.

The Moscow Planetarium proves that science can be fascinating, accessible, and inspiring — regardless of the age and level of preparation of visitors.

Moscow Planetarium

Izmailovsky Kremlin is a unique cultural and entertainment complex located in the eastern part of Moscow. It is a modern architectural structure stylized as ancient Russian architecture, created to preserve traditions and promote folk culture. The complex is open daily from 9:00 to 21:00, and entry to the territory is free.

<h3>Historical Heritage of the Territory</h3>
The area where the modern Izmailovsky Kremlin is located has a rich history. In the 17th century, it was the royal residence of the Romanov dynasty. During the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich, advanced enterprises operated here: a glass-blowing plant, a brick factory, and a linen manufactory. A special place was occupied by the Serebryano-Vinogradny Pond, on the island of which the royal family’s estate was located.

It was in Izmailovo that young Peter I discovered an old boat, which sparked his interest in shipbuilding and eventually led to the creation of the Russian navy. After the War of 1812, the estate was damaged, and later a veterans’ almshouse was established here.

<h3>Creation of the Modern Complex</h3>
Construction of the cultural and entertainment center began in 1998 after government approval of the project. The goal was to create a modern cultural space while preserving the traditional style of Russian wooden architecture of the 16th–18th centuries. The project was implemented by entrepreneur A. F. Ushakov, and the complex welcomed its first visitors in 2007.

<h2>Architectural Features of the Complex</h2>
Izmailovsky Kremlin is built in the style of ancient Russian fortresses and represents a vivid example of the modern interpretation of traditional architecture. The complex is situated on an elevation and surrounded by a wooden palisade with stone walls and massive entrance towers.

<h3>Main Architectural Landmarks</h3>
<strong>The Palace of Russian Feasts</strong> — the central structure of the complex, inspired by the royal palace in Kolomenskoye. The building houses ten banquet halls with a total area of 6,500 square meters, accommodating up to 1,000 guests simultaneously. The largest of them — the Tsar’s Hall — can hold up to 500 people. The interiors are decorated with ornamental wood painting, and the basement recreates stylized wine cellars.

<strong>The Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker</strong> is the tallest wooden Orthodox church in Moscow, reaching 46 meters in height. Construction began in 1997, and the church opened to parishioners in 2000. It is an active metochion of the Moscow St. Daniel’s Monastery, where services, baptisms, and weddings are held. The church houses relics of the holy princes Peter and Fevronia. From its observation deck, visitors can enjoy panoramic views of the Serebryano-Vinogradny Pond and historical buildings.

<h2>Museums and Exhibition Spaces</h2>
There are thirteen museums and exhibition venues on the territory of the complex, each offering a unique exhibition.

<h3>Main Museum Exhibitions</h3>
<strong>The Museum of Russian Vodka</strong> introduces visitors to the five-century history of traditional Russian drink production. The exhibition covers manufacturing technology and the royal court’s drinking preferences. Tastings are organized for adult guests. The museum is open daily from 11:00 to 19:00.

<strong>The Moscow Animation Museum</strong> presents a collection of cartoon characters from around the world — from Soviet Cheburashka to Disney heroes and Hayao Miyazaki’s creations. The exhibition is open on weekends from 11:00 to 18:00.

<strong>The Museum “World History in Plasticine”</strong> showcases a unique collection of clay figures representing historical figures. The oldest part of the exhibition, “History in Faces,” was created more than fifty years ago. The museum is open daily from 10:00 to 18:00.

<strong>The Doll Museum</strong> is divided into two sections: traditional Japanese dolls and original works by Russian craftsmen. Exhibits include heroes from Japanese legends, characters from “Alice in Wonderland,” Grandfather Mazai with hares, and even Viktor Tsoi. Hours: daily from 11:00 to 18:00.

<strong>The “Art-Kremlin” Gallery</strong> has been operating since 2014 and displays works by young contemporary artists and sculptors. The exhibition center is open daily from 11:00 to 18:00.

<h3>Additional Museum Spaces</h3>
<ul><li>Museum of the History of the Russian Navy — dedicated to Russia’s naval victories and fleet development</li>
<li>Museum of Traditional Russian Toys — a collection of old and modern folk toys</li>
<li>Bread Museum — tells the story of bread, a product traditionally associated with Russian culture</li></ul>
<h2>Creative Workshops and Master Classes</h2>
Izmailovsky Kremlin offers visitors the opportunity to learn traditional crafts and take part in creative activities.

<h3>Craft Workshops</h3>
<strong>Pottery Workshop</strong> conducts clay modeling classes for all age groups. Participants learn to work on a potter’s wheel and paint pottery.

<strong>Blacksmith’s Yard</strong> introduces visitors to the art of metal forging. Guests can make a souvenir themselves — a commemorative coin or a lucky horseshoe.

<strong>Candle Workshop</strong> offers special programs for newlyweds, families, and couples celebrating wedding anniversaries. The result of joint creativity is a unique handmade candle.

<strong>“Marzipan” Workshop</strong> welcomes children from four years old. In thirty minutes, young participants create edible figures made of almond dough with sugar syrup.

<strong>“Kremlin Kitchen”</strong> teaches recipes of traditional Russian, monastic, and Lenten cuisines. Programs are available for adults and children, with the option of organizing family celebrations and romantic dinners.

<h3>Additional Creative Directions</h3>
<ul><li>Wicker weaving and artistic wood carving</li>
<li>Weaving workshop teaching traditional techniques</li>
<li>Painting of matryoshka and Dymkovo toys</li>
<li>Making rag dolls</li>
<li>Soap-making and chocolate-making workshops</li></ul>
Participation in workshops is paid and requires prior registration.

<h2>Palace of Marriage and Wedding Services</h2>
In August 2009, Marriage Palace No. 5, also known as the Palace of Happiness, opened on the complex grounds. Ceremonial marriage registrations are held here to orchestral music.

Newlyweds can complement their civil ceremony with a church wedding at the Church of St. Nicholas, and celebrate in one of the banquet halls. The complex offers weddings in traditional Russian style with ancient rituals — the so-called “Tsar’s Weddings.” Services for wedding anniversary celebrations are also available.

<h2>Vernissage in Izmailovo</h2>
Next to the Izmailovsky Kremlin is the Vernissage — the largest exhibition-fair of decorative and applied arts and folk crafts. The market rows appeared here in the late 1980s and have since expanded significantly.

<h3>Thematic Zones of the Vernissage</h3>
<ul><li>Craft Rows — clothing and household items made using traditional Russian techniques</li>
<li>“Russian Souvenirs” — national gifts from toys to scarves and samovars</li>
<li>Flea Market — items with history and vintage pieces</li>
<li>Antique Market — for discerning collectors</li>
<li>Voentorg — a military-themed zone</li>
<li>“Painting Park” — artworks in various styles from realism to avant-garde</li>
<li>Silver Row — jewelry</li>
<li>Artists’ Alley — original works by painters</li></ul>
Most Vernissage locations operate on weekends from 9:00 to 17:00, but souvenir and craft stalls are open all week from 9:00 to 18:00. Wednesday is reserved for wholesale trade.

<h2>Festivals and Events</h2>
Izmailovsky Kremlin serves as a venue for city holidays, fairs, and festivals. Folk ensembles regularly perform here, and themed events feature animators in historical costumes.

Traditional festivities such as Maslenitsa, featuring games, contests, and pancake feasts, are especially popular. For children, interactive programs with educational quizzes and fun games are organized.

<h2>Visitor Information</h2>
<h3>How to Get There</h3>
<strong>By Metro:</strong>
<ul><li>To “Partizanskaya” station — then 10 minutes on foot along Projected Passage No. 6604</li>
<li>To “Izmailovo” station — then 11 minutes on foot along Vernisazhnaya Street</li>
<li>To “Cherkizovskaya” station — then 20 minutes on foot along Vernisazhnaya Street</li></ul>
<strong>By Bus:</strong>
To the “Partizanskaya Metro” stop, routes No. 375, 386, 391, 399, 399e.

<strong>By Car:</strong>
From central Moscow, the trip takes about thirty minutes without traffic. Address for navigation: Izmailovskoye Shosse, 73zh. Paid parking is available on-site.

<h3>Admission Fees</h3>
Entry to the Izmailovsky Kremlin grounds is free. Separate fees apply for museum visits (from 70 to 240 rubles), workshops, guided tours, and restaurant services.

<h3>Dining Options</h3>
Restaurants and cafes on the complex grounds offer traditional Russian cuisine prepared using old recipes. The Palace of Russian Feasts accommodates up to 1,000 guests simultaneously in ten banquet halls of varying capacities.

<h2>Interesting Facts about Izmailovsky Kremlin</h2>
<ul><li>The complex was built based on drawings and sketches of a 16th–17th century royal residence but does not claim historical monument status</li>
<li>The Church of St. Nicholas is the tallest wooden functioning Orthodox church in Moscow</li>
<li>The territory is often used for filming movies and TV shows due to its authentic historical atmosphere</li>
<li>From the church bell tower, panoramic views of the entire complex, the Serebryano-Vinogradny Pond, and the surroundings open up</li>
<li>The white-stone towers are decorated with multicolored tiles made using ancient technologies and patterns</li>
<li>The basement of the Palace of Russian Feasts recreates stylized wine cellars and torture chambers</li>
<li>The territory hosts a Sunday school, church singing courses, and a church flower arrangement school</li></ul>
<h2>Conclusion</h2>
Izmailovsky Kremlin represents a unique space where modern entertainment meets immersion in the atmosphere of ancient Russian culture. The complex offers a wide variety of family activities: educational museum exhibitions, creative workshops in traditional crafts, festive events, and wedding ceremonies.

The colorful architecture with bright towers and wooden chambers creates a fairytale-like atmosphere, while numerous museums and exhibitions allow visitors to explore Russian history and culture in depth. The proximity of the Vernissage offers an opportunity to purchase unique souvenirs and folk craft items.

For a deeper acquaintance with the complex, it is recommended to use the services of experienced guides who will lead you through hidden corners, show the most photogenic spots, and tell fascinating stories about the cultural spaces and historical events associated with these places.

Izmailovsky Kremlin

«Dream Island» is the first in Russia and the largest in Europe indoor world-class theme park. Located in the Nagatinskaya floodplain on an area of 100 hectares, the complex combines an indoor amusement zone, a city promenade, and a landscaped park. The grand opening took place on February 29, 2020, and since then, the park has become one of Moscow’s main family leisure destinations.

<h2>History of the Amusement Park’s Creation</h2>
Construction of “Dream Island” began on March 17, 2016, on the site of the former park named after the 60th Anniversary of October. Initially, the project was planned for completion in 2018, but the opening date was postponed several times. The total area of the main building is 300,000 square meters, and its facade is styled as a fairytale castle with towers and stained glass windows. The height of the central tower reaches 75 meters. The project belongs to the “Regions” company, with investments totaling $1.5 billion.

<h2>Park Structure: Three Zones for Total Immersion</h2>
<h3>Indoor Theme Park</h3>
The indoor area of the complex brings together 9 fairytale worlds, each designed in a unique style and filled with interactive entertainment. Visitors can meet beloved cartoon characters such as the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, Smurfs, Snow Queen, Pinocchio, and many others. The park offers over 35 attractions of various types — from children’s carousels to extreme roller coasters.

<strong>The park’s themed zones include:</strong>

<ul><li><strong>Fairytale Village</strong> — the entrance area inspired by the story of Pinocchio</li>
<li><strong>Smurf Village</strong> — a 3,500-square-meter area with mushroom houses</li>
<li><strong>Hello Kitty</strong> — a pink marshmallow castle with a beauty salon for young visitors</li>
<li><strong>Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles</strong> — an extreme attraction zone in New York style</li>
<li><strong>Mowgli in the Land of Dinosaurs</strong> — the largest zone, covering 10,000 square meters</li>
<li><strong>Haunted House</strong> — the sinister mansion of Count Strakhov with labyrinths and ghosts</li>
<li><strong>Hotel Transylvania</strong> — the world of characters from “Hotel Transylvania” cartoons</li>
<li><strong>Dream Race</strong> — a futuristic city with a racing theme</li>
<li><strong>Snow Queen’s Castle</strong> — the kingdom of eternal winter with icy attractions</li>
<li><strong>Under the Dome</strong> — a fairground square with a 32-meter tower</li></ul>
<h3>City Promenade — A Journey Through World Capitals</h3>
The city promenade consists of four spacious pedestrian galleries and three atriums designed in architectural styles of different countries. Visitors can see Gaudí’s famous Casa Batlló in Barcelona, stroll along Rodeo Drive in Beverly Hills, take photos against a replica of the Roman Colosseum, and peek into a red London phone booth. The central atrium is the “Moscow” themed square, covered by Europe’s largest glass dome — 8,000 square meters in area and 25 meters high.

The promenade is equipped with numerous cafes, souvenir shops, and relaxation zones. Throughout the year, themed events, workshops, festivals, and character meet-and-greets take place. Entrance to the city promenade is free, making it a popular spot even without visiting the rides.

<h3>Landscape Park — Outdoor Recreation</h3>
The landscape park surrounds the indoor complex and is divided into northern and southern zones, with a total area of 44 hectares. The southern part is intended for family recreation: lawns, flower beds, playgrounds, swings, sandpits, and mazes are arranged here. The northern zone is designed for active leisure, with sports grounds, workout areas, jogging, and cycling paths.

Many decorative trees and shrubs have been planted, with living hedges and shaded areas created. Around 7,000 trees from the original green area of the floodplain were preserved during landscaping. In summer, the northern park hosts the Dream Beach Club with heated pools, water slides, and a 30-meter-long wave pool.

<h2>Attractions for All Ages</h2>
The park offers more than 50 attractions of various types. For young visitors, there are carousels, interactive workshops, and play zones. Thrill-seekers can ride roller coasters in complete darkness, swing up to multi-story heights on the “Hammer of Fate,” or experience the free-fall tower.

<strong>Popular attractions include:</strong>

<ul><li>Roller coasters with rapid acceleration</li>
<li>Water rides and labyrinths</li>
<li>A 32-meter tower with hanging swings under the dome</li>
<li>Immersive virtual reality journeys</li>
<li>A mini-race track for young drivers</li>
<li>An aerial express ride over the park</li></ul>
Many rides have height restrictions. The minimum height for safe riding is 90 cm, and full access to all attractions is available for visitors taller than 140 cm.

<h2>Additional Entertainment and Services</h2>
<h3>Dream Game Center</h3>
A two-story entertainment complex includes a kids’ town for ages 3–10, a sports games zone, bowling, billiards, and several hundred arcade machines of various types. Open daily from 11:00 to 22:45.

<h3>Concert Hall and Cinemas</h3>
The “Moscow” concert hall is a transformable multi-purpose venue with 4,200 seats for various events. It hosts concerts by Russian and international artists, musicals, theatrical performances, ice and circus shows, forums, and conferences. On the central square of the promenade, there is a 17-hall multiplex cinema equipped with modern sound and image systems. In summer, an open-air cinema with over 200 seats operates in the landscape park.

<h3>Cafes and Restaurants</h3>
The complex has 18 dining establishments offering a diverse menu. Guests can visit themed cafes and restaurants decorated after favorite characters, as well as burger joints, pizzerias, ice cream parlors, and pastry shops. Menus are adapted for both children and adults.

<h2>Opening Hours and Ticket Prices</h2>
<strong>Opening hours:</strong>
<ul><li>Amusement park: daily from 12:00 to 22:00</li>
<li>City promenade: daily from 10:00 to 22:00</li>
<li>Landscape park: daily from 10:00 to 24:00 (in summer, only exit after 22:00)</li></ul>
<strong>Ticket prices in 2025:</strong>

A “Standard” entry ticket starts from 2,500 rubles and includes access to the amusement park with unlimited rides and shows. Special attractions are charged separately: Aerial Express, Island Caves, immersive show, Auto Train, VR park, face painting, prize games, and photoshoots.

A fast-track ticket allowing entry without queues starts from 7,200 rubles. Family tickets for three people start at 7,800 rubles and for four people at 10,100 rubles. Discounted tickets are available for students, visitors with first-degree disabilities, and seniors over 65, and can only be purchased at the onsite ticket office. Entry to the city promenade and landscape park is free.

<h2>How to Get to the Park</h2>
<strong>Address:</strong> Moscow, Andropov Avenue, 1A

<h3>By Metro</h3>
The “Tekhnopark” station on the Zamoskvoretskaya line is located right next to the park. It is connected to the complex via an elevated pedestrian passage with a moving walkway, allowing visitors to reach the park in minutes. You can also use MCC stations “ZIL” or “Avtozavodskaya” — the walk takes just over 20 minutes.

<h3>By Bus</h3>
Buses No. 831, 888, e80, n13, and s856 stop near the park.

<h3>By Car</h3>
The complex has both surface and underground parking for 4,000 vehicles. Both operate daily from 10:00 to 23:00. The first 15 minutes are free; the next three hours cost 150 rubles, and each additional hour is 100 rubles. Parking is free for visitors with disabilities of groups I, II, and III upon presentation of valid documentation.

<h3>By Riverboat</h3>
During the navigation season, the park can be reached by water transport to the “Southern River Terminal” pier.

<h2>Useful Tips for Visitors</h2>
<strong>Experienced visitors recommend:</strong>

<ol><li>Visit on weekdays, especially Tuesday or Thursday, to avoid long queues</li>
<li>Arrive by opening time at 12:00 for maximum comfort</li>
<li>Plan your visit for the entire day — even a quick tour of all zones takes several hours</li>
<li>Check height restrictions for rides in advance</li>
<li>Visit the park’s website to see which attractions are under maintenance</li>
<li>Note that children under 14 are allowed only when accompanied by an adult</li></ol>
<h2>Interactive Programs and Shows</h2>
The park hosts daily interactive shows and performances where visitors can become part of the story. Available activities include quests with cartoon characters, craft workshops, science experiments, and theatrical performances. Play zones with educational elements are designed to combine fun with learning and skill development.

Meet-and-greet sessions with 26 characters last from 5 to 15 minutes. Special events, festivals, and themed programs are organized for holidays. For guests’ convenience, information desks, a medical center, mother-and-child rooms, luggage storage, and cloakrooms are available.

<h2>Advantages of the Indoor Format</h2>
Since the amusement park is fully enclosed, it operates year-round regardless of weather conditions. All zones are located under huge glass domes, creating a sense of spaciousness and comfort. The total roof glazing area is 28,000 square meters. Every detail — architecture, furniture, lighting, and decor — contributes to the feeling of total immersion in a fairytale.

“Dream Island” is a place that offers almost every kind of family recreation. It’s no wonder it’s called the Russian Disneyland. The complex provides rich programs for the whole family all year round, combining traditional attractions with modern virtual reality technologies and immersive shows. Spacious walkways, accessibility for visitors with limited mobility, and clear signage ensure a comfortable experience for all guests.

Dream Island

Moskvarium is one of the largest oceanography and marine biology centers in Europe, located on the grounds of VDNH in Moscow. Opened in 2015, it quickly became a popular destination for residents and visitors of the capital, offering unique opportunities to explore the underwater world. The complex houses more than 12,000 aquatic creatures from different parts of the planet, including rare species of fish, sharks, dolphins, and marine mammals. The center combines entertainment, education, and scientific research, making it ideal for families with children. If you are looking for an aquarium in Moscow with vibrant shows and interactive exhibits, Moskvarium is an excellent choice for an unforgettable experience.

<h2>Uniqueness and Scale of the Project</h2>
Moskvarium is recognized as the largest aquarium in Russia and one of the biggest in Europe. The total area of the complex reaches 53,000 square meters, and the volume of water in its aquariums and pools amounts to about 25 million liters.

The project’s uniqueness lies in the fact that the sources of seawater are thousands of kilometers away from Moscow. Specialists use city tap water, which is then purified, treated, and turned into a suitable environment for marine life. To maintain optimal salinity, between 80 and 170 tons of salt are required monthly.

<h2>History of the Complex</h2>
Construction of the aquarium began in 2013 as part of the VDNH redevelopment program. The creation of this educational and entertainment center took two years. The grand opening took place on August 5, 2015, with the first visitors being Moscow Mayor Sergey Sobyanin and Russian President Vladimir Putin. Over the years, the aquarium has been visited by more than 10 million people.

<h2>Main Zones of Moskvarium</h2>
The complex is divided into several functional zones, each offering visitors a unique experience.

<h3>The Aquarium — Main Exhibition</h3>
The aquarium is an enormous 600-meter-long exhibition featuring more than 80 tanks of various sizes. Over 12,000 marine creatures representing more than 600 species live here.

The exhibition is organized by geographic regions. Visitors can explore inhabitants of:

<ul><li>Russian rivers and small lakes</li>
<li>The White, Japanese, and Black Seas</li>
<li>The Amazon and African rivers</li>
<li>Coral reefs</li>
<li>The open ocean</li></ul>
Special attention is drawn to glass tunnel aquariums that create a full immersion effect, allowing visitors to observe sharks, octopuses, moray eels, and other marine life from all sides.

<h3>Rare Species Collection</h3>
One of the highlights of the exhibition is the giant Pacific octopus from the Sea of Japan. Thanks to proper care, these octopuses live for more than two years in Moskvarium and reach impressive sizes.

Other unique inhabitants include:

<ul><li>Electric eels from the Amazon</li>
<li>Giant arapaimas — ancient freshwater fish</li>
<li>Relict nautiluses</li>
<li>Caiman crocodiles</li>
<li>Baikal seals</li>
<li>Sand tiger sharks named Masha and Misha</li></ul>
A special area is dedicated to jellyfish — Moskvarium specialists successfully breed five species of these fascinating creatures.

<h2>Water Shows and Performances</h2>
In a 2,300-seat auditorium, large-scale aquatic shows featuring marine mammals are regularly held. Beluga whales, dolphins, sea lions, and orcas perform on stage. Each show lasts about 1 hour and 20 minutes without intermission.

The performances are accompanied by professional actors, musicians, aerial acrobats, and unique special effects. The program lineup includes several shows, such as educational open training sessions where the audience can learn interesting facts about marine animals.

<h2>Interactive Exhibits and Educational Programs</h2>
<h3>Exhibition “Jurassic Ocean”</h3>
This interactive multimedia exhibition transports visitors into the ancient ocean to a depth of 3,000 meters. With advanced computer technology, guests can encounter prehistoric marine creatures that lived millions of years ago.

<h3>Knowledge Center and Educational Activities</h3>
In the Knowledge Center, specialists — biologists, ichthyologists, and veterinarians — conduct engaging scientific lessons and quests. Participants can not only attend lectures but also touch starfish, reptiles, and even cat sharks.

Special programs for children include:

<ul><li>“Sea for Toddlers” for ages 5–7</li>
<li>Quests for various age groups</li>
<li>Souvenir-making workshops</li>
<li>Themed tours with professional guides</li></ul>
<h2>Feeding Sessions and Open Trainings</h2>
Visitors can watch animal feeding sessions at specific times:
<ul><li>Sharks and rays are fed on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays at 14:00</li>
<li>On Tuesdays and Thursdays at the same time, visitors can watch arapaima feeding in the “Flooded Forest” aquarium</li>
<li>Pufferfish and porcupinefish are fed on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays at 13:00</li></ul>
Baikal seals show off playful tricks during feeding, entertaining both children and adults. Open training sessions are also held for Asian otters and capybaras.

<h2>Swimming with Dolphins</h2>
The swimming center has seven modern pools where visitors can swim with dolphins. The program is available for children from 3 years old, and trainers assist children and adults who cannot swim. Dolphin therapy sessions are also held regularly, proven to have positive effects on human health.

<h2>Additional Entertainment</h2>
<h3>Music Evenings</h3>
Every Friday, “Sea of Music” hosts live concerts in the central exhibition area near large viewing windows. Guests can enjoy dinner with wine or cocktails and freely walk through the exhibition, which looks completely different at night.

<h3>Diving with Scuba Gear</h3>
Together with a diving instructor, visitors can dive into the aquarium and spend time near sharks or even touch a large sea turtle. Before diving, mandatory training and instruction are conducted in a pool.

<h2>Scientific Activities</h2>
Moskvarium is not only a leisure destination but also an educational and research facility with exceptional conditions for marine studies. The center regularly hosts marine biology conferences, including international ones, featuring the aquarium’s own staff as speakers.

Many species successfully reproduce in Moskvarium, and their offspring are transferred to other aquariums or offered for sale to visitors.

<h2>Infrastructure and Amenities</h2>
<strong>Technical Equipment</strong>

Behind every aquarium is a complex system of instruments and sensors that monitor water parameters. All readings are displayed on control room screens under 24-hour supervision. The water constantly circulates through osmosis systems, ozone generators, and biofilters, and is heated or cooled as needed.

<strong>Visitor Services</strong>

The complex features:
<ul><li>Cafes and restaurants with free Wi-Fi</li>
<li>A souvenir shop with toys, games, and creative kits</li>
<li>The “Manatee” children’s theater with interactive performances</li>
<li>Comfortable changing rooms and showers in the swimming area</li></ul>
<h2>Practical Information</h2>
<h3>Address and Location</h3>
Moskvarium is located at: 119 Mira Avenue, Building 23, on the territory of VDNH near the Industry Square.

<h3>How to Get There</h3>
<strong>From VDNH Metro Station:</strong>

<ul><li>On foot from Exit 1 (first car from the city center) — about 25 minutes through VDNH</li>
<li>By free shuttle from Exit 3 (last car from the city center), operating from 09:51 to 20:54</li></ul>
<strong>By Public Transport:</strong>
<ul><li>Buses: No. 33k, 56, 76, 93, 136, 154, 195, 244, 803, 834</li>
<li>Trams: No. 11, 17, 25</li>
<li>Monorail to “Exhibition Center” station</li></ul>
<h3>Opening Hours and Tickets</h3>
The aquarium is open daily from 10:00 to 22:00.

<strong>Exhibition Tickets:</strong>

<ul><li>Weekdays: 1300 RUB for adults, 800 RUB for children under 12</li>
<li>Weekends: 1500 RUB for adults, 950 RUB for children</li>
<li>Children under 3 years — free admission</li></ul>
Guided tour — 300 RUB per person. Tickets for the water show start at 1000 RUB. Music evening tickets start at 1600 RUB.

<h2>Visitor Rules</h2>
Photography and video recording are allowed, but flash must be turned off. Feeding the fish or throwing objects into aquariums is strictly prohibited. There are no lockers available at Moskvarium.

<h2>Awards and Recognition</h2>
Moskvarium became the winner of the XII National “Golden Teddy Bear” Award in the category “Best Space for Children and Families.” The victory was based on expert opinions in child development, health, and education, as well as votes from more than 42,000 participants in an online poll.

Moskvarium at VDNH is a unique place where you can spend an entire day with your family. Here, entertainment and education, modern technology and living nature are harmoniously combined to create unforgettable experiences for visitors of all ages.

Moskvarium

The Bogoroditse-Smolensky Novodevichy Convent is one of the outstanding monuments of Russian Orthodox culture and architecture. Located in the picturesque bend of the Moskva River on the historic Maiden’s Field, this unique temple complex attracts pilgrims, tourists, and lovers of history from all over the world. The monastery combines spiritual grandeur, architectural perfection, and a rich centuries-old history.

<h2>History of the Monastery’s Foundation and Development</h2>
<h3>Foundation of the Monastery under Vasily III</h3>
The Novodevichy Convent was founded on May 13, 1524, by order of Grand Prince Vasily III, the father of Ivan the Terrible. <strong>The construction of the convent was timed to an important historical event</strong> — the return of Smolensk to the Moscow Principality after a long period of Lithuanian rule. The main cathedral was dedicated to the Smolensk Icon of the Mother of God “Hodegetria,” a copy of which was solemnly presented to the monastery on July 28, 1525.

The convent received the name “Novodevichy” (“New Maidens”) in contrast to the already existing Conception Convent and Resurrection Convent of the Kremlin. The first abbess was Elena Devochkina, invited from Suzdal and revered for her holiness.

<h3>Period of Prosperity in the 16th–17th Centuries</h3>
Under Ivan IV the Terrible, the monastery received special privileges and was exempted from taxes. In the second half of the 16th century, the Ambrosiev Church, the refectory, and the chambers of Irina Godunova were built in stone, though most buildings remained wooden.

<strong>Tragic pages of history are associated with the raids of the Crimean Tatars:</strong> in 1571, Khan Devlet-Girey burned the monastery, and in 1591, the convent already had artillery on its walls, which helped repel the crossing of Kazy-Girey’s troops.

At the end of the 16th century, Boris Godunov ascended the throne in the Smolensk Cathedral. His reign became a time of large-scale renewal: a five-tiered iconostasis was installed, new frescoes were painted, and stone buildings were erected. Wooden walls were replaced with massive stone fortifications with 12 towers stretching 870 meters long, 11 meters high, and 3 meters thick.

<h3>The Monastery as a Place of Confinement for Noblewomen</h3>
<strong>Throughout the 16th–17th centuries, the Novodevichy Monastery served as a place of confinement for royal and noble women.</strong> Here, both voluntarily and by force, took the veil noblewomen from the Pleshcheyev, Meshchersky, Rostov, Sheremetev, and Miloslavsky families. The monastery’s walls witnessed political intrigues, personal dramas, and unsolved mysteries of high society.

In 1689, after being deposed from power, Princess Sophia Alekseyevna was confined here and died in 1704. Later, in 1727, Peter I’s first wife, Yevdokia Lopukhina, was sent to the monastery.

<h3>The Era of Princess Sophia and Architectural Flourishing</h3>
The monastery’s greatest prosperity came in the second half of the 17th century, when Princess Sophia Alekseyevna made it her country residence. <strong>Thanks to her initiative, the architectural appearance in the Naryshkin Baroque style was formed,</strong> which has survived to this day. During this period, the bell tower, new churches, and refectories were built, the towers were rebuilt, and the walls were decorated with carved battlements shaped like “swallowtails.”

After Peter I came to power, the convent’s position changed dramatically: it was guarded around the clock by Preobrazhensky soldiers, and the nuns lived in isolation. In 1724, an orphanage for girls was opened here, where craftswomen from Brabant taught them how to weave Dutch lace.

<h3>The Trials of the War of 1812</h3>
During the Patriotic War, the treasury and valuables were taken to Vologda. Napoleon’s soldiers occupied the convent, using it as a food storehouse. <strong>The French planned to blow up the Smolensk Cathedral and start a fire,</strong> but the remaining sisters managed to extinguish the fuses of the powder barrels, saving the sanctuary. A bitter memory of the war remains in the dozens of graves of Russian and French soldiers on the grounds.

<h3>The 20th Century: From Museum to Revival</h3>
After the revolution, the convent ceased functioning. In 1922, the museum “Princess Sophia and the Streltsy” was organized, and in 1934, it became a branch of the Historical Museum. At the end of World War II, church services were allowed again in the Assumption and Transfiguration churches.

<strong>The revival of monastic life began in 1994,</strong> on the eve of the Feast of the Intercession, when the first tonsure after a 72-year break took place. Sister Seraphima (Chernaya) became a nun and was soon elevated to the rank of abbess.

On the stormy night of June 20–21, 1998, hurricane winds bent the crosses on the domes of the churches and bell tower and damaged the tombstone of Denis Davydov. Restoration took several months with the help of Russian and foreign benefactors.

<h2>Architectural Ensemble of the Monastery</h2>
<h3>General Characteristics of the Complex</h3>
The architectural ensemble of the Novodevichy Convent represents an <strong>exceptionally well-preserved example of Moscow Baroque,</strong> known as the Naryshkin style. In 2004, the complex was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List as a site of universal value. The monastery’s 16th–18th-century buildings have remained almost unchanged since their creation.

On the master plan, the Smolensk Cathedral, bell tower, and refectory are aligned on a single axis and serve as focal elements of the ensemble. The monastery walls with towers appear bright and festive. Picturesque views from across the Novodevichy Pond show the reflections of the walls and buildings in the water.

<h3>The Cathedral of the Smolensk Icon of the Mother of God</h3>
The main church of the complex was built after the model of the Assumption Cathedral in the Kremlin. Historians believe that Aleviz the New and the architect Nestor, who died during construction, took part in its creation. <strong>The six-pillar church on a high basement is surrounded by covered galleries.</strong> Here Boris Godunov was crowned, and the first rulers of the Romanov dynasty came here on foot for pilgrimages.

The five-tiered iconostasis is adorned with 70 ancient icons, and the wall paintings illustrate the Akathist Hymn to the Mother of God. The church is open to visitors from early June to mid-September, as it is a summer church and is not heated.

<h3>The Bell Tower of the Novodevichy Convent</h3>
The monastery’s bell tower, 72 meters high, is the most visible structure of the complex. <strong>Construction took place from 1683 to 1689,</strong> and it is believed that Sophia wished to build the belfry in imitation of the Kremlin’s Ivan the Great Bell Tower. The five diminishing octagonal tiers, decorated with delicate white carvings and topped with an octagonal drum and onion dome, harmonize beautifully with the other buildings.

Its base is surrounded by a white-stone wall with arches. On the lower floor lies the Church of Varlaam and Joasaph, while the second floor houses the double-height Church of John the Theologian. On the second tier, there is a viewing gallery for overlooking the complex. The third and fifth levels contain the bells.

<h3>The Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin with the Refectory</h3>
The Assumption Church with its refectory hall and the Church of the Holy Spirit appeared in 1687. <strong>The convent required spacious premises for festive banquets and services during the cold seasons.</strong> Originally, the five-domed church lost its appearance and surrounding arched gallery. Part of the multi-tiered iconostasis by Karp Zolotaryov has been preserved.

The pillarless refectory hall is richly illuminated by sunlight through large windows and is second in beauty only to the refectory of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra. The iconostasis of the Church of the Descent of the Holy Spirit was created by masters of the Kremlin Armoury.

<h3>The Gate Church of the Intercession</h3>
The Intercession Church rises above the three-span southern gate, which was considered the main entrance to the monastery and led to the Smolensk road. <strong>The church and the adjoining Mariinsky Chambers were built under Sophia Alekseyevna</strong> for her sister Maria Alekseyevna Miloslavskaya. The red-brick quadrangle is adjoined by a vestibule, altar, and refectory. The shrine is crowned by three domes arranged in a row.

<h3>The Gate Church of the Transfiguration</h3>
The five-domed church over the wide northern gate solemnly welcomes the monastery’s guests. It is believed that the architect Grigory Ustinov took part in its construction. <strong>Graceful windows, golden domes, Corinthian columns,</strong> and the combination of a red façade with white-stone details lend the building majesty.

Inside, the seven-tiered iconostasis by Karp Zolotaryov has been preserved. The neighboring two-story chambers are named after Yevdokia Lopukhina, the first wife of Peter I, who lived here from 1727 to 1731.

<h3>The Naprudnaya (Sophia’s) Tower</h3>
The corner tower to the right of the entrance is called Sophia’s because the disgraced princess’s cells were adjacent to it. <strong>In 1689, after an unsuccessful attempt to retain power, Sophia was confined to the monastery.</strong> After the Streltsy revolt in 1698, she was tonsured as a nun and imprisoned in the guardhouse—a semi-underground building with a suite of three rooms.

The guardhouse conditions resembled a prison: heavy furniture, harsh living conditions, and constant surveillance. Peter the Great executed the rebel Streltsy in front of her windows. Sophia was never canonized, but people believe in her intercession and leave notes with requests at the tower.

<h3>Other Buildings of the Monastery</h3>
The single-domed Ambrosiev Church with its refectory and chambers from the late 16th–early 17th centuries reflects the monumental style of its time. The largest residential structure is the Singers’ Chambers, built between 1718 and 1726. Near the Smolensk Cathedral lie the graves of respected individuals—the last to be buried there was General A. A. Brusilov, a hero of World War I.

<h3>The Prokhorov Chapel-Mausoleum</h3>
The mausoleum of the Prokhorov dynasty stands near the walls of the Smolensk Cathedral. <strong>The entrepreneurs and public figures founded the Trekhgornaya Manufactory in 1799.</strong> In 1874, Ivan Yakovlevich Prokhorov donated a large sum to the convent, as his sister was a nun there. This exemplary monument of Russian Art Nouveau was built in 1916 by architect V. A. Pokrovsky with contributions from major jewelry firms and workshops.

<h2>Holy Relics and Icons of the Novodevichy Convent</h2>
<h3>The Smolensk Icon of the Mother of God</h3>
The main relic of the convent is the <strong>Smolensk Icon of the Mother of God “Hodegetria.”</strong> The monastery houses a 16th-century copy that is believed to be miraculous. Grand Prince Vasily III prayed before the icon before his campaign to Smolensk and, after the city’s capture, ordered the construction of a church in its honor.

<h3>The Iveron Icon of the Mother of God</h3>
In the Assumption Church, there is a copy of the Iveron Icon of the Mother of God from 1648 — <strong>the oldest known Russian copy of this image.</strong> The original Iveron Icon is located on Mount Athos. The Moscow copy was received by Patriarch Joseph, and after fervent prayers before it, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich’s daughter was miraculously cured of a severe illness in 1651.

<h3>Other Relics</h3>
For many years, the convent has preserved Orthodox relics:
<ul><li>Reliquaries containing relics of various saints</li>
<li>An image of St. Nicholas with a relic fragment</li>
<li>Ancient icons from the 15th–17th centuries</li></ul>
The exhibition “Fiery Tongues of Grace” in the Chambers of Irina Godunova displays over 50 icons from the 18th century. In the former guardhouse of the Naprudnaya Tower, about 80 icons dedicated to the Mother of God are exhibited.

<h2>The Novodevichy Cemetery</h2>
<h3>History of the Necropolis</h3>
At the end of the 19th century, the monastery cemetery was expanded beyond the convent walls. Near the fenced southern wall, prominent cultural figures, politicians, and military leaders were buried. <strong>The remains of N. V. Gogol, A. P. Chekhov, M. N. Yermolova, and I. I. Levitan were reinterred here.</strong>

In the 1930s, looted graves were reconstructed using photographs, drawings, and eyewitness accounts. Out of 3,000 burials, about 90 were restored. During the Soviet years, the necropolis became the second most significant cemetery after the Kremlin Wall.

<h3>Current Condition</h3>
The total area of the cemetery is about 8 hectares, with more than 26,000 people buried here. <strong>Since 2007, burials have been conducted only in exceptional cases:</strong> with official permission, in an open columbarium, or for relatives of those already interred.

<h3>Layout of the Necropolis</h3>
The necropolis is divided into three sections:
<ul><li>Old (Sections 1–4) — graves of Nadezhda Alliluyeva, Lyubov Orlova, Oleg Yankovsky, Samuil Marshak, and Vasily Shukshin</li>
<li>New (Sections 5–8) — created in 1949, with a columbarium for 7,000 urns and graves of Mstislav Rostropovich, Boris Yeltsin, Nikita Khrushchev, Andrei Tupolev, and Lyudmila Zykina</li>
<li>Newest (Sections 8–11) — from the 1970s, with graves of Lyudmila Gurchenko, Innokenty Smoktunovsky, and Vyacheslav Tikhonov</li></ul>
The monuments on the graves remind visitors who these people were, what they strove for, and what they achieved. Guided tours are available through the grounds.

<h2>The Monastery Today</h2>
<h3>Spiritual Life of the Convent</h3>
In 2007, Margarita Feoktistova became the abbess of the monastery. In 2018, the convent housed thirty sisters, including 13 nuns and novices. <strong>There are icon-painting and sewing workshops, greenhouses, and a chicken yard.</strong> The sisters bake prosphora themselves and work in the kitchen. The monastery also runs a shelter for young mothers in difficult situations.

The convent has formed a community of regular parishioners — people of different ages and professions. Parishioners help with daily tasks, sing in the parish choir, and take part in festive events. Every Sunday, talks on the Gospel are held.

<h3>Church Services</h3>
Services are held daily. The Divine Liturgy begins on weekdays at 7:40 a.m., on Sundays and feast days at 6:20 and 8:40 a.m. Evening service is held daily at 5:00 p.m. On Wednesdays, a water-blessing prayer service is held before the icon “The Inexhaustible Chalice.” Confessions and baptisms are available by appointment.

<h3>Museum Activity</h3>
The monastery is jointly managed by the Russian Orthodox Church and the State Historical Museum. <strong>Since 2010, the Church Museum of the Moscow Diocese has been in operation,</strong> with exhibitions located in several rooms. In the basement of the former Streltsy guardhouse near the Naprudnaya Tower, there is an exhibition dedicated to the events of 1812.

An exhibition of church utensils is also open. Guided tours are regularly conducted across the grounds. Unique materials about the life of the convent from the 18th century to the 1990s are kept in the Main Archive, including documents on construction, nuns, services, and the monastery school.

<h3>Restoration in 2023–2024</h3>
A large-scale restoration of the ensemble is dedicated to the monastery’s 500th anniversary. <strong>Artisans restored 19th-century frescoes in the Assumption Cathedral,</strong> re-gilded the iconostasis damaged by fire, and completed other complex works. Archaeological excavations continue, revealing fragments of earlier buildings.

<h2>Interesting Facts and Legends</h2>
<h3>Historical Facts</h3>
In the 16th–17th centuries, the convent was surrounded by a palisade and symbolic moat. Nearby was a settlement exempt from taxes, whose residents served the monastery. Noble nuns lived comfortably: archaeologists found tiled floors and stoves with rare designs in burned-out cells.

<strong>The ancient street Prechistenka received its name by decree of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich</strong> in honor of the icon of the Most Pure Virgin, which was carried from the Kremlin to the monastery. In the 17th–early 18th centuries, the convent owned 15,000 serfs, 36 villages, a courtyard in the Kremlin, and a settlement on Prechistenka. During the secularization of 1764, the monastery lost all its property.

<h3>Mysteries and Legends</h3>
One of the great mysteries is a strange burial near the Southern Gate: a child’s sarcophagus was immured in the wall of the second tier of the Intercession Church. Who buried the child there and why remains unknown.

There is a legend about the ghosts of imprisoned noblewomen who sometimes appear near the Novodevichy Pond. <strong>The Sophia Tower is linked to tales of miracles:</strong> if you make a wish and touch its base, your dream will come true. Most often, people ask for help in love matters. Visitors carve requests and words of gratitude into the tower’s walls.

<h2>Visitor Information</h2>
<h3>Address and Directions</h3>
Address: Novodevichy Passage, 1, Building 36, Moscow.  
Coordinates for navigation: 55.726354, 37.556201.

The easiest way to get there is by metro to “Sportivnaya” station on the red line. From the metro, it’s a 10–15-minute walk along 10-letiya Oktyabrya Street to the main entrance. There is parking available in front of the gates.

<h3>Opening Hours</h3>
Access to the territory: daily from 09:00 to 17:00.  
Museum hours: from 10:00 to 16:30.  
Closed: Tuesday.  
Sanitary day: first Monday of each month.

<h3>Admission Fees</h3>
Entrance to the monastery grounds is free.

Museum tickets:
<ul><li>Adults — 300 rubles</li>
<li>Schoolchildren, students, and Russian pensioners — 100 rubles</li></ul>
<h3>Novodevichy Cemetery</h3>
Address: Luzhnetsky Passage, 2, Building 1 (Sportivnaya metro station).

Opening hours:
<ul><li>May to September — daily from 09:00 to 19:00</li>
<li>October to April — daily from 09:00 to 17:00</li></ul>
Information phone: +7 (499) 610-00-00.  
Tickets for guided tours are available for booking.

<h2>Conclusion</h2>
The Bogoroditse-Smolensky Novodevichy Convent is a unique place where spiritual heritage, historical memory, and architectural perfection form a harmonious whole. The convent continues to live a full monastic life, welcoming pilgrims and tourists, preserving Orthodox relics, and maintaining the traditions of Russian piety. The serene atmosphere, sunlit lawns, shining domes of the churches, and their reflections in the pond’s waters create a picture that calms and inspires every visitor.

Novodevichy Convent

In the very heart of bustling Moscow lies an amazing oasis of nature — the Moscow Zoo. This is a place where you can escape the city noise and immerse yourself in the world of wildlife, observing majestic tigers, amusing pandas, and graceful giraffes. The zoo has become home to more than eight thousand animals representing over a thousand species from around the world.

<h2>History of the Zoological Park</h2>
It all began with a large-scale <strong>animal exhibition in the Manege in 1862</strong>. The event was a huge success, but after it ended, a serious problem arose — there was nowhere to keep the numerous “living exhibits.” Professors from Moscow University — Karl Rulye, Anatoly Bogdanov, and Sergey Usov — then proposed creating a permanent zoological garden in the capital.

<h3>Choosing the Location and Opening</h3>
A picturesque area near the <strong>Presnensky Ponds on Bolshaya Gruzinskaya Street</strong> was chosen for the zoo. The organizers were attracted by several advantages: a convenient location close to the city center, easy accessibility for all social classes, and the natural beauty of the area with its green hills and the wide Presnya River.

On <strong>January 31, 1864</strong>, the Moscow Zoological Garden was officially opened. The initial collection included:
<ul><li>134 specimens of domestic animals</li><li>153 specimens of wild animals and birds</li><li>7 specimens of reptiles</li></ul>
The core of the collection consisted of Russian species — bears, wolves, foxes, and badgers. There were only a few exotic animals: two lions, a jaguar, a rhinoceros gifted by Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich, and an Indian elephant — a gift from Emperor Alexander II.

<h3>Trials and Prosperity</h3>
The years of revolution and civil war were a difficult trial for the zoo. The buildings and enclosures suffered serious damage, and only the <strong>dedication of the staff</strong> saved the unique animal collection. After nationalization, the zoo was significantly expanded and improved.

Even during the harsh years of the Great Patriotic War, the zoo continued to operate and received about six million visitors. This was important for maintaining the morale of Muscovites.

<h2>Zoo Inhabitants: Diversity of Wildlife</h2>
Today, the modern Moscow Zoo is home to more than <strong>eight thousand animals</strong> of over a thousand species. The territory is divided into the Old and New sections, connected by a picturesque bridge over the street.

<h3>Public Favorites</h3>
Visitors are especially fond of:
<ul><li>Giant pandas from China — so rare that killing one in their homeland is punishable by death</li><li>Polar bears with a spacious enclosure and pool where visitors can watch them swim and play</li><li>Cheetahs — the fastest four-legged animals on the planet</li><li>Amur tigers — powerful predators</li><li>Northern fur seals and grey seals</li></ul>
<h3>Baby Katyusha — the Zoo Star</h3>
At the end of August 2023, a landmark event took place — <strong>the first-ever giant panda cub in Russia was born</strong>. The baby was named Katyusha. For several months, the mother and cub stayed indoors, and in the spring of 2024, they began appearing before visitors. Now Muscovites and city guests can observe the growing panda in a specially equipped enclosure.

In the same autumn, the alpaca family also grew — female Vatka and male Pufik had their second offspring.

<h3>Exotic Inhabitants</h3>
The zoo’s collection includes many unique species:
<ul><li>Honey badger — the most fearless mammal according to the Guinness World Records</li><li>Blue sheep from the Himalayas — incredibly agile animals living at altitudes of 3,000–5,500 meters</li><li>Reticulated giraffes in the special “Giraffe House” pavilion</li><li>Funny meerkats, constantly on “guard duty”</li></ul>
<h2>Pavilions and Exhibits</h2>
<h3>Primate House</h3>
One of the largest and most beautiful zoo pavilions, home to about <strong>30 species of monkeys</strong>. Visitors can see orangutans, golden-haired guenons, and many other primates from around the world.

<h3>Exotarium — Underwater Kingdom</h3>
Upon entering the exotarium, visitors find themselves in a dimly lit hall where brightly illuminated aquariums recreate the landscapes of <strong>coral reefs</strong>. More than 100 species of fish from the Pacific, Indian, and Atlantic oceans are displayed here:
<ul><li>Colorful butterflyfish</li><li>Blacktip reef shark</li><li>Moray eels with fearsome jaws</li></ul>
<h3>Terrarium — World of Reptiles</h3>
The terrarium features large and impressive reptiles:
<ul><li>Reticulated python and common anaconda</li><li>Black caiman and horned iguana</li><li>Rhinoceros viper with pointed scales on its snout</li><li>The famous crocodile Saturn, living in the zoo since 1947</li></ul>
<h3>Insectarium — The Kingdom of Arthropods</h3>
For lovers of the unusual, the zoo’s insectarium features more than <strong>180 species of invertebrates</strong>. It houses giant cockroaches, locusts, crickets, and bird-eating spiders. Incidentally, a special insect farm here breeds food for many zoo inhabitants.

<h2>Entertainment and Educational Programs</h2>
<h3>Feeding Shows</h3>
One of the zoo’s most captivating spectacles. During feeding times, animals become especially active, allowing visitors to get a better look at them. Zoo staff accompany the feedings with interesting stories about the animals.

<strong>Feeding show schedule:</strong>
<ul><li>09:30 — female Steller sea lion</li><li>10:30 — northern fur seals</li><li>11:00 — grey seals</li><li>12:30 — kangaroos</li><li>13:30 — wolverine</li><li>14:00 — exotarium inhabitants</li></ul>
<h3>Children’s Zoo</h3>
A special area for the youngest visitors, where kids can not only see characters from their favorite stories but also pet friendly goats and sheep in the <strong>contact zone</strong>. In summer, free performances with costumed characters and folk groups are held on weekends.

<h3>Open Lecture Hall</h3>
Twice a month, experts give lectures on animals, zoos around the world, and wildlife conservation. Attendance is free with registration on the official website.

<h3>Pony Club</h3>
The zoo hosts a children’s section where kids learn horseback riding and pony care. Some club members go on to pursue equestrian sports and participate in competitions.

<h3>Zoo History Museum</h3>
The museum offers insights into the history of zoos worldwide, the evolution of human–animal relationships, and the work of zoologists and keepers. A unique feature is its location directly above the enclosure of Samson the giraffe.

<h2>Holidays and Events</h2>
Throughout the year, the zoo hosts various <strong>themed holidays and exhibitions</strong>:
<ol><li>New Year celebrations with entertainment programs</li><li>Zoo’s Birthday</li><li>Tiger Day</li><li>Bird Day</li><li>Earth Day</li></ol>
In spring, visitors can witness a particularly touching scene — pelican chicks learning to swim beside their long-beaked parents.

<h2>Adoption Program</h2>
The zoo offers a unique opportunity to become an <strong>animal sponsor</strong>. By donating funds for the care of a chosen animal, the sponsor receives free zoo entry and can bring guests along. It’s an excellent way to support the zoo and visit your favorite animals more often.

<h2>Visitor Information</h2>
<h3>Ticket Prices in 2025</h3>
<ul><li>Adult ticket — 1500 rubles</li><li>Child ticket (ages 4–17) — 750 rubles</li><li>Group tour (up to 25 people) — 500 rubles per person</li><li>Private tour (up to 10 people) — 7500 rubles</li></ul>
<strong>Free admission is available for:</strong>
<ul><li>Children under 3</li><li>Students with Moscow residence</li><li>Military personnel</li><li>Pensioners with Moscow residence</li><li>Large families</li><li>People with disabilities</li></ul>
<h3>How to Get There</h3>
<strong>Address:</strong> Moscow, Bolshaya Gruzinskaya Street, 1  
<strong>Hours:</strong> Daily from 09:00 to 19:00 (entry until 18:00)  
<strong>Nearest metro stations:</strong> “Barrikadnaya”, “Krasnopresnenskaya”

The zoo is located in the Presnensky District between Krasnaya Presnya, Bolshaya Gruzinskaya, and Zoologicheskaya Streets. The main entrance is at the intersection of Krasnaya Presnya and Bolshaya Gruzinskaya.

<strong>By public transport:</strong>
<ul><li>Metro: “Barrikadnaya” (Tagansko–Krasnopresnenskaya Line) or “Krasnopresnenskaya” (Circle Line) — 3–5 minutes on foot</li><li>Buses: routes m35, 69, c369, 116, 366</li></ul>
An additional entrance is located on Sadovaya-Kudrinskaya Street via the Children’s Zoo — usually with shorter queues.

<h3>Useful Tips</h3>
<ul><li>Plan your visit for the whole day — the territory is large, and it takes several hours to see all the pavilions</li><li>Peak hours are 12:00–14:00 on weekends; after 14:00, it’s less crowded</li><li>In winter, the zoo operates on a reduced schedule, but openings are kept on ponds for waterfowl</li><li>Feeding animals is prohibited — it can harm their health</li><li>Some pavilions have separate hours — check the schedule on the website</li></ul>
<h2>The Zoo’s Role in Science and Conservation</h2>
The Moscow Zoo holds the status of <strong>Russia’s main zoological park</strong> and serves as the headquarters of the Eurasian Association of Zoos and Aquariums. It actively participates in international programs for the conservation of rare animal species and conducts scientific and educational activities.

In its nursery near Volokolamsk, rare species are kept to form breeding pairs and groups. Specialists exchange experience with foreign colleagues and participate in projects for the rehabilitation and reintroduction of animals into the wild.

<strong>Interesting fact:</strong> The Moscow Zoo is among the ten most visited zoos in the world — welcoming up to 3.8 million visitors annually.

<h2>Conclusion</h2>
The Moscow Zoo is not just a place for entertainment but a true scientific and educational center where you can spend an entire day in the company of the planet’s amazing inhabitants. For more than a century and a half, the zoo has become a beloved recreation spot for millions of Muscovites and visitors to the capital while preserving its main mission — to connect people with the world of wildlife and nurture respect for animals.

Moscow Zoo

The State Darwin Museum in Moscow is a unique cultural and educational space dedicated to the evolution of life on Earth. It is the largest natural science collection not only in Russia but in all of Europe, housing more than 400,000 unique exhibits.

<h2>History of the Museum: From a Home Collection to a Scientific Center</h2>
The museum was founded by the distinguished zoologist Alexander Fyodorovich Kots. Passionate about studying the animal world and taxidermy from an early age, by the age of sixteen he had already assembled an impressive collection of animal mounts. Some specimens were even exhibited at the Moscow Zoological Garden.

<h3>The Birth of the Museum at the Women’s Courses</h3>
A turning point came in October 1907, when Kots began teaching at the Moscow Higher Women’s Courses. While conducting practical anatomy classes, the young scientist realized the need for a visual teaching collection. The administration supported his initiative, allocating space for a zoological laboratory.

The first small exhibition reflected the revolutionary ideas of Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution. A team of like-minded collaborators joined the effort: Nadezhda Ladygina, who later became Kots’s wife and co-founder of the museum, taxidermist Fyodor Fedulov, and animal artist Vasily Vatagin.

<h3>The Long Road to a Building of Its Own</h3>
By 1913, the collection already contained thousands of exhibits, many brought from abroad. However, the issue of a permanent building remained unresolved for decades. Alexander Kots petitioned Lenin and Stalin for the construction of a dedicated facility, but to no avail.

After Kots’s death in 1964, director Vera Ignatieva took up the cause. Thanks to her efforts, in 1995 the first exhibition in the new building on Vavilov Street opened. By 2007, the second building was completed, giving the museum complex its modern form.

<h2>Architecture and Structure of the Museum Complex</h2>
The museum occupies two large buildings with a total area of about 5,000 square meters, connected by underground passages. The navigation system allows visitors to easily find their way through the space.

<h3>Main Building: Three Floors of Discovery</h3>
<strong>The first floor</strong> welcomes guests with the interactive center “Know Yourself — Know the World,” especially interesting for young explorers. Here, visitors can learn about the structure of the Universe, the planet’s biodiversity, and the features of the human body in an engaging way.

<strong>The second floor</strong> is entirely devoted to biological science, its development, and the system of natural scientific knowledge.

<strong>The third floor</strong> includes two impressive halls: “Zoogeography,” featuring augmented reality technology for observing animals in their natural habitats, and “Macroevolution,” revealing the mysteries of human origins.

<h3>Exhibition Complex: Seven Floors of Discovery</h3>
The tall building with its distinctive tower offers a variety of programs across seven floors. The first, third, and fourth floors house permanent exhibitions, including a digital planetarium with captivating space shows.

The fourth floor is especially impressive with the “Walk the Path of Evolution” hall, featuring life-size models of prehistoric creatures and a children’s 4D attraction with a virtual ocean dive.

In warm seasons, the fifth floor’s greenhouse with an open terrace hosts workshops, lectures, and film screenings.

<h2>Top 5 Must-See Exhibits of the Museum</h2>
<h3>PaleoPark: A Meeting with Ancient Giants</h3>
Your encounter with the museum begins before you even enter. A 260-meter eco-trail includes a PaleoPark featuring life-size sculptures of extinct animals:

<ul><li>Duck-billed Amurosaurus</li><li>Kilesk — a Siberian relative of the Tyrannosaurus</li><li>Panderichthys — an ancient crawling fish</li><li>Mammoth with giant tusks</li><li>Woolly rhinoceros</li><li>Cave lion</li></ul>
<h3>Live Insectarium: The Kingdom of Six-Legged Creatures</h3>
On the first floor of the exhibition complex live insects from five continents. Special terrariums maintain optimal conditions for each species. Visitors can observe:

<ul><li>The transformation of a chrysalis into a butterfly</li><li>A silkworm spinning its fine thread</li><li>The masterful camouflage of stick insects</li><li>The lives of tropical cockroaches and scorpions</li></ul>
<h3>“The Diversity of Life on Earth”: A Round-the-World Journey</h3>
Hall No. 3 in the main building embodies the founder’s classical vision of the museum. Animal mounts are arranged in skillfully recreated natural landscapes, grouped by geography. The “Savanna” exhibit displays elephants, giraffes, zebras, and crocodiles in a lifelike African setting.

At set times, the walls turn into a giant movie screen showing half-hour educational films.

<h3>Collection of Aberrants: Nature’s Whims</h3>
The museum holds the world’s largest collection of birds and mammals with unusual coloration. Among the rare specimens are:
<ul><li>The flightless dodo</li><li>The wingless great auk</li><li>The cross-billed guya bird</li></ul>
<h3>Interactive Technologies: Evolution in Motion</h3>
Moving dinosaur models transport visitors back to the Mesozoic era. These ancient giants turn their heads and emit characteristic sounds, creating a realistic immersive experience.

<h2>Unique Features of the Museum</h2>
<strong>The largest collection of animalistic paintings</strong> in Russia is represented by works of renowned wildlife artists.

<strong>Audio stands</strong> allow visitors to hear the sounds of fish, dispelling the myth of their silence. Underwater creatures communicate through swim bladders, gills, and pharyngeal teeth.

<strong>The educational center “Know Yourself”</strong> amazes visitors with a transparent plastic floor beneath which lies a miniature world of animals and plants.

<strong>The Happy Bumblebee</strong> is the museum’s mascot. Legend has it that if you rub the bronze statue’s wings, your wish will come true. The bumblebee even hums when touched.

<h2>Practical Information for Visitors</h2>
<h3>Opening Hours</h3>
<ul><li>Tuesday, Wednesday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday: 10:00–18:00</li><li>Thursday: 13:00–21:00</li><li>Monday: closed</li></ul>
<h3>Ticket Prices</h3>
<ul><li>Adult ticket: 400 rubles</li><li>Discounted ticket: 200 rubles</li><li>Preschool children: free</li><li>Thursday evening visits: 50% discount</li></ul>
Tickets can be purchased online, at the ticket office, or via electronic terminals at the entrance. Some exhibitions, workshops, and lectures require separate admission fees.

<h3>How to Get There</h3>
<strong>Address:</strong> Moscow, Vavilova Street, 57

<strong>Best route:</strong> about a 10-minute walk from “Akademicheskaya” metro station along Dmitry Ulyanov Street.

<strong>Alternative routes:</strong>
<ul><li>From “Profsoyuznaya” metro station — 25–30 minutes on foot</li><li>From “Universitet” metro station — 30 minutes via Vernadsky and Universitet avenues</li><li>“Darwin Museum” stop — buses and trams</li></ul>

<h2>Tips for a Comfortable Visit</h2>
<ul><li>Set aside at least a full day to explore the collection of 400,000 exhibits</li><li>Visit on weekdays to avoid large crowds</li><li>In summer, be sure to go up to the open rooftop terrace on the fifth floor</li><li>Check the schedule of temporary exhibitions and special programs on the official website</li><li>Book a guided tour for a deeper experience</li></ul>
<h2>Why You Should Visit the Darwin Museum</h2>
The Darwin Museum is more than a collection of exhibits. It’s a place where you can touch the mysteries of nature, trace the path of evolution from the earliest organisms to modern humans, and discover fascinating facts about our planet and its inhabitants.

Interactive technologies, living exhibits, and immersive multimedia shows make the visit engaging for all ages. It’s equally interesting for a three-year-old child, an adult scientist, a student, or a retiree.

The museum continues to evolve, constantly expanding its collection and introducing new technologies. It is a living, breathing space where the past meets the present, and science becomes clear and inspiring.

Darwin Museum

The Moreon Aquapark in Moscow is one of the largest indoor water entertainment complexes in the capital, combining extreme attractions, thermal zones, and SPA treatments. Located in the Yasenevo district, it occupies an area of over 64,000 square meters and offers unforgettable recreation for the whole family all year round. If you’re looking for a place to spend time with children, relax in saunas, or get an adrenaline rush on the slides, Moreon is the perfect choice. In this article, we’ll cover all the details — from infrastructure and prices to visiting tips.

<h2>A Boundless Water World – What the Complex Offers</h2>
Located in the Yasenevo district, the aquapark operates daily regardless of the season or weather. Three levels of modern infrastructure include various recreation zones where every guest will find something to enjoy — from small children to adults seeking thrills.

<strong>The unique concept</strong> of the complex lies in the combination of active water attractions with a European-style thermal center. This format allows visitors to spend an entire day in one place, alternating between adrenaline-filled slides and relaxing spa procedures.

<h3>Comfort and Safety Zone</h3>
A modern water purification system ensures full circulation of the pools’ volume every hour. Ozonation and ultraviolet technologies maintain the water’s softness without aggressive chlorination. Air and water temperatures are carefully monitored throughout the complex.

<h2>Extreme Entertainment for Adrenaline Lovers</h2>
The water zone offers an impressive collection of attractions with varying difficulty levels:
<ul><li><strong>“Black Hole”</strong> – an extreme slide with a 20-meter drop, where you descend in total darkness through multiple unexpected turns</li>
<li><strong>“Wing”</strong> – the most extreme attraction in the complex for true daredevils</li>
<li><strong>“Space Bowl”</strong> – a unique slide with a zero-gravity effect</li>
<li><strong>“Inner Tube Slide”</strong> – a 100-meter labyrinth for descent on inflatable tubes</li>
<li><strong>“Body Slide”</strong> – a 120-meter-long high-speed slide for descent without equipment</li>
<li><strong>“Family Slide”</strong> – a cascading descent for groups of up to six people</li></ul>
Each attraction is labeled with an extremity level from 1 to 7, helping guests choose suitable options. Safety rules and height/age restrictions are displayed near every slide.

<h3>Relaxation Zones</h3>
For those who prefer a more relaxed experience, special relaxation areas are available:
<ul><li><strong>Wave Pool</strong> – a 573 m² pool simulating real sea waves up to 1.5 meters high</li>
<li><strong>“Lagoon”</strong> – a gentle-flowing pool for floating on inflatable rings</li>
<li><strong>Hydromassage Jacuzzis</strong> with warm water and jets of varying intensity</li>
<li><strong>Magic Grotto</strong> – a secluded area with a special atmosphere and hydromassage</li>
<li><strong>Sports Pool</strong> with lanes for full swimming sessions</li></ul>
<h2>Children’s Paradise on Water – Fun for the Little Ones</h2>
The aquapark’s pride is the themed play zone <strong>“Pirate Ship”</strong>, designed after old marine blueprints. This safe area includes shallow pools, mini slides, ladders, masts, and interactive water elements.

Young visitors can explore the multi-level ship structure, descend children’s slides, and create melodies on the unique AquaTune water organ. Professional instructors monitor children’s safety and help them explore all the play zone features.

Children up to 110 cm tall enter free with an adult. Children from 110–150 cm get a discounted rate.

<h2>Thermal Complex – A Journey Through Global Bath Traditions</h2>
A separate 600 m² zone unites nine types of baths and saunas from different countries:
<ul><li><strong>Russian Bath</strong> – traditional birch-branch steam, high humidity, and professional attendants</li>
<li><strong>Turkish Hammam</strong> – marble loungers, steam treatments, and aromatic oils</li>
<li><strong>Finnish Sauna</strong> – dry heat up to 100°C with coniferous aromas</li>
<li><strong>Roman Thermae</strong> – moderate temperature and classic steam</li>
<li><strong>Greek Bath</strong> – special microclimate and essential oils</li>
<li><strong>Infrared Sauna</strong> – deep body warming</li>
<li><strong>Salt Cave</strong> – for wellness and preventive therapy</li>
<li><strong>Ice Room</strong> – for cooling off after hot baths</li>
<li><strong>Aroma Saunas</strong> – with scents like lavender, pine, eucalyptus, tropical fruits, and citrus</li></ul>
<h3>Additional Wellness Features</h3>
The thermal complex also includes:
<ul><li><strong>Kneipp Path</strong> – a hydromassage walkway with contrast baths to stimulate circulation</li>
<li><strong>Aero-hydromassage Pool</strong> – water enriched with oxygen</li>
<li><strong>Cold Plunge Pool</strong> – for contrast therapy</li>
<li><strong>Labyrinth Pool</strong> – a two-level design with waterfalls, current, and lighting</li></ul>
<h2>Premium-Class SPA Center</h2>
For guests seeking professional care, a modern SPA complex offers a wide range of services. Experienced specialists provide massages, body wraps, scrubs, and exclusive treatments:
<ol><li><strong>Birch Steam Ritual</strong> – traditional Russian procedure with birch branches</li>
<li><strong>Honey Steam Ritual</strong> – combines steam procedures with honey massage</li>
<li><strong>Taiga Steam Ritual</strong> – uses coniferous branches and Siberian aromas</li>
<li><strong>Linden Sponge Massage</strong> – deep skin cleansing</li>
<li><strong>Classic and Sports Massage</strong> – in various durations</li>
<li><strong>Anti-cellulite Programs</strong> – with wraps and massages</li>
<li><strong>SPA Rituals</strong> – for face and body using premium cosmetics</li></ol>
<h2>Infrastructure for a Complete Experience</h2>
Beyond water and thermal attractions, the facility offers:

<h3>Entertainment Zone</h3>
<ul><li><strong>Bowling Club</strong> – eight professional lanes</li>
<li><strong>Karaoke Bar</strong> – with quality sound and a vast music library</li>
<li><strong>Fitness Center</strong> – with equipment and group workouts</li>
<li><strong>Beauty Salon</strong> – offering hair and nail care services</li></ul>
<h3>Dining Options</h3>
Across three levels, visitors can find:
<ul><li><strong>Restaurants</strong> – with European and Asian menus</li>
<li><strong>Cafes</strong> – with affordable prices and quick service</li>
<li><strong>Bars</strong> – serving cocktails, fresh juices, and smoothies</li>
<li><strong>Fast Food Zones</strong> – for quick snacks</li></ul>
<h2>Visitor Information</h2>
<h3>Opening Hours</h3>
<strong>Main Aquapark Zone:</strong><br>
Mon–Fri: 10:00 – 22:00<br>
Sat–Sun: 9:00 – 22:00<br><br>
<strong>Thermal Complex & SPA:</strong><br>
Daily: 9:00 – 23:00<br><br>
The complex operates year-round, including all holidays, following weekend schedules on public holidays.

<h3>Prices</h3>
Pricing depends on the chosen area and time of visit:
<ul><li><strong>Combo Ticket</strong> (Aquapark + Therms): from 2590 RUB on weekdays, 2990 RUB on weekends (adults)</li>
<li><strong>Child Ticket</strong> (110–150 cm): from 1550 RUB weekdays, 1690 RUB weekends</li>
<li><strong>Children under 110 cm:</strong> 490 RUB any day</li>
<li><strong>SPA Zone only:</strong> from 2090 RUB weekdays, 2490 RUB weekends</li>
<li><strong>Unlimited Monthly Pass</strong> (Therms): from 11,000 RUB</li></ul>
<h3>Special Offers</h3>
<ul><li><strong>Loyalty Program</strong> – cumulative discounts for regular guests</li>
<li><strong>“Happy Hours”</strong> – discounted entry at select weekday times</li>
<li><strong>Family Tickets</strong> – discounts for families with children</li>
<li><strong>Benefits</strong> – for large families, students, and pensioners with ID</li>
<li><strong>Gift Certificates</strong> – available in any amount</li>
<li><strong>Seasonal Promotions</strong> – and online ticket sales</li></ul>
<h2>Tips for a Comfortable Visit</h2>
<h3>What to Bring</h3>
<ol><li><strong>Swimsuit</strong> – mandatory for all guests</li>
<li><strong>Change of Shoes</strong> – flip-flops or pool shoes</li>
<li><strong>Towel</strong> – bring your own or rent one</li>
<li><strong>Personal Hygiene Items</strong> – shampoo, shower gel, sponge</li>
<li><strong>Swim Cap</strong> – recommended for the sports pool</li>
<li><strong>For Children</strong> – swim diapers, life vests, or arm floaties</li></ol>
<h3>Visit Planning Recommendations</h3>
<strong>Best Time to Visit:</strong> Weekdays from 10:00 to 17:00 – fewer visitors and no queues. Summer is generally less crowded than winter, except on rainy days.

<ul><li><strong>Buy tickets online</strong> – saves time and often offers discounts</li>
<li><strong>Arrive at opening</strong> – first two hours are the quietest</li>
<li><strong>Start with thermal baths</strong> – while others enjoy slides</li>
<li><strong>Choose a locker near the exit</strong> – for convenience</li>
<li><strong>Study the map beforehand</strong> – for easier navigation</li>
<li><strong>Plan 4–5 hours minimum</strong> – to experience everything</li></ul>
<h3>Safety Rules</h3>
<ol><li><strong>Shower before entering</strong> any pool – mandatory hygiene rule</li>
<li><strong>Follow instructor directions</strong> and signage</li>
<li><strong>Do not leave children unattended</strong> – even in kids’ areas</li>
<li><strong>Remove jewelry</strong> before slides</li>
<li><strong>No diving or jumping</strong> from pool edges</li>
<li><strong>No sauna use under alcohol</strong> influence</li>
<li><strong>Use life vests</strong> for children under 140 cm in deep pools</li></ol>
<h2>How to Get There</h2>
<strong>Address:</strong> Moscow, Golubinskaya Street, 16<br>
<strong>Nearest Metro:</strong> Yasenevo Station (10-minute walk)

<h3>Public Transport</h3>
<ul><li><strong>Buses:</strong> No. 281, 642, 651, 961 to “Transagency – Stomatology” stop</li>
<li><strong>Trolleybuses:</strong> No. 72, 85 to the same stop</li>
<li><strong>Minibuses:</strong> No. 85m, 592 to “Transagency – Stomatology” stop</li></ul>
It’s only a few minutes’ walk from the stop to the entrance. A spacious free parking area is available for visitors arriving by car.

<h2>Interesting Facts</h2>
<ul><li>Total length of all slides exceeds 1.5 km</li>
<li>Water filtration system processes 1,100 cubic meters per hour – the full pool volume</li>
<li>Some slides are outdoors, offering a unique winter experience</li>
<li>A professional photographer is available; photos can be purchased after the visit</li>
<li>Ventilation is specially designed for humid zones</li>
<li>Water temperature varies between +27°C and +35°C</li>
<li>The thermal area features bath traditions from nine countries</li></ul>
<h2>FAQ</h2>
<h3>Can I bring my own food?</h3>
Bringing food or drinks is prohibited. Restaurants, cafes, and bars on-site offer options for every taste and budget.

<h3>Are there age restrictions?</h3>
Children under 14 must be accompanied by adults. Some attractions have height and age limits for safety reasons.

<h3>Can I extend my stay?</h3>
There are no time limits or sessions – visitors may stay as long as they wish during opening hours.

<h3>Are towels and robes provided?</h3>
Towels and robes can be rented for an additional fee or purchased on-site. Many guests bring their own.

<h3>Are swimming lessons available?</h3>
Yes, individual and group swimming lessons are offered for children and adults at extra cost; booking is done at the reception desk.

<h3>Is it safe for small children?</h3>
A special safe zone with shallow pools is provided for toddlers. Safety gear can be rented. Children must always be supervised by parents.

<h2>Why Choose Moreon Aquapark</h2>
This water complex offers a unique combination of active fun and relaxation in one place. Modern infrastructure, safety, cleanliness, and professional service create perfect conditions for year-round recreation.

Whether you seek extreme fun, peaceful family time, or relaxation in baths and SPA – Moreon Aquapark offers it all under one roof. It’s a place where every guest finds joy and unforgettable memories.

Aquapark Moreon

The capital’s aquacomplex “Luzhniki” is a unique combination of sports infrastructure and world-class entertainment space. Located within the famous Olympic complex, this water palace covers more than 12,000 square meters and can accommodate up to two thousand guests simultaneously.

The grand opening of the modern complex took place in 2019 after a large-scale reconstruction of the historic pool built in the mid-20th century. Today, it is one of the most technologically advanced and spacious water parks in Russia, where cutting-edge water treatment systems coexist with breathtaking attractions.

<h2>Water Attractions and Slides: Adrenaline at Its Peak</h2>
The main pride of the complex — nine extreme water slides, each with its own character and level of difficulty. The total length of all routes exceeds 1,300 meters, making every ride varied and unforgettable.

<h3>Top Slides of the “Luzhniki” Aquapark</h3>
<strong>“Cyclone”</strong> — a spiral slide 16.5 meters high and 136 meters long, where visitors experience dizzying spins before the final descent.

<strong>“Whirlwind”</strong> — the longest slide in the complex, 170 meters in length with a 16.5-meter elevation drop, combining high-speed sections with smooth turns.

<strong>“Tornado”</strong> and <strong>“Storm”</strong> — twin attractions of nearly equal height (around 17 meters), perfect for friendly races.

<strong>“Master Blaster”</strong> — an innovative 175-meter-long slide with uphill sections where special water jets propel the raft against gravity.

<strong>“Aqua Sphere”</strong> — an extreme 200-meter attraction with enclosed segments and unexpected turns in complete darkness.

<h3>For Children and Family Recreation</h3>
Young visitors have access to a special water playground with safe slides, interactive fountains, and shallow pools. Children at least 107 cm tall can ride four slides, and from 122 cm — gain access to five more extreme attractions.

In addition to slides, the complex offers the “Lazy River” attraction, 1.35 meters deep, where guests can float calmly along a circular route, enjoying the gentle current.

<h2>Olympic-Standard Pools and Thermal Zones</h2>
The water complex is equipped with pools for various purposes, from competitive swimming to leisure activities.

<h3>Sports Pools</h3>
<ul><li>50-meter pool, 1.8–2.3 meters deep, for professional swimming, with water temperature 27–29°C</li>
<li>25-meter pool, 1.2–1.8 meters deep, for training and recreational swimming</li>
<li>Both pools meet Olympic standards and are equipped with modern timing systems</li></ul>
<h3>Leisure Pools</h3>
<strong>Wave Pool</strong> — a unique attraction with artificial waves and a gradual depth increase up to 1.55 meters. Water temperature is maintained at a comfortable 30°C, allowing for long sessions.

<strong>Outdoor Thermal Pools</strong> — the jewel of the complex. Two pools with water at +36°C lead out to an open terrace overlooking the Sparrow Hills and Moscow State University. Their year-round operation makes open-air winter swimming possible.

<h3>Unique Retractable Roof</h3>
In warm weather, when the air temperature exceeds 25°C, two transformer roof sections open above the main hall. This innovative feature turns the indoor aquapark into an open-air recreation zone while maintaining comfortable water temperatures.

<h2>Thermal Complex: Wellness and Relaxation</h2>
On the third floor lies an extensive thermal zone covering several thousand square meters. Access to the thermal area is usually included in the “Aquapark + Thermal” ticket.

<h3>Included in the Thermal Complex</h3>
<ul><li><strong>Show Sauna</strong> for up to 60 people, around 70°C, offering collective steam sessions with aromatherapy</li>
<li><strong>Finnish Sauna</strong> with dry steam up to 90°C for fans of traditional sauna experiences</li>
<li><strong>Hammam</strong> — Turkish bath with humid steam and marble loungers for deep heating</li>
<li><strong>Snow Room</strong> around 0°C for contrast therapy after steam sessions</li>
<li><strong>Jacuzzi</strong> with hydromassage jets for muscle relaxation</li>
<li><strong>Rest Areas</strong> with loungers and dimmed lighting</li></ul>
The thermal complex operates on the same schedule as the main aquapark. Specific sauna rules apply, including towel use and limits on continuous steam room time.

<h2>Admission Fees</h2>
Ticket prices vary by weekday, age group, and visit duration. Several time slots are available for guests’ convenience.

<h3>Weekday Rates</h3>
<strong>For visitors aged 14 and above:</strong>
<ul><li>2 hours — 2690 RUB</li>
<li>3 hours — 3090 RUB</li>
<li>4 hours — 3390 RUB</li>
<li>Full day — 3690 RUB</li></ul>
<strong>For children 7–13 years old:</strong>
<ul><li>2 hours — 1190 RUB</li>
<li>3 hours — 1590 RUB</li>
<li>4 hours — 1790 RUB</li>
<li>Full day — 2190 RUB</li></ul>
<h3>Weekend and Holiday Rates</h3>
<strong>For visitors aged 14 and above:</strong>
<ul><li>2 hours — 2890 RUB</li>
<li>3 hours — 3390 RUB</li>
<li>4 hours — 3890 RUB</li>
<li>Full day — 4390 RUB</li></ul>
<strong>For children 7–13 years old:</strong>
<ul><li>2 hours — 1390 RUB</li>
<li>3 hours — 1790 RUB</li>
<li>4 hours — 1990 RUB</li>
<li>Full day — 2390 RUB</li></ul>
<strong>Children 2–6 years old</strong> enter for 300 RUB regardless of the day or time. <strong>Children under 2</strong> enter free of charge.

<h3>Important Pricing Information</h3>
If the paid time is exceeded, an automatic surcharge applies: 17 RUB per minute for adults and 10 RUB per minute for children. Time is tracked using an electronic wristband issued at entry.

Discounts are available for certain groups upon presenting valid documentation. Tickets can be purchased at the complex or online via the official website to avoid queues.

<h2>Additional Infrastructure</h2>
Beyond water attractions, the complex offers a wide range of supporting amenities.

<h3>Dining and Relaxation</h3>
<ul><li>Restaurant with panoramic windows overlooking sports arenas</li>
<li>Several cafés and food courts with varied menus</li>
<li>Summer bar on the open terrace of the “Luzhniki Beach” area</li>
<li>Lounging areas with deck chairs and sunbeds</li></ul>
<h3>Sports and Fitness</h3>
<ul><li>Modern fitness club with gym facilities</li>
<li>Surf school with a wave simulator</li>
<li>Boxing academy with professional rings</li>
<li>Gymnastics center for children and adults</li></ul>
<h3>Additional Services</h3>
<ul><li>Massage salon for post-workout recovery</li>
<li>Spa salon offering a wide range of cosmetic treatments</li>
<li>Beauty studio</li>
<li>Shopping gallery with sportswear and accessory stores</li>
<li>Rental service for towels, robes, and swim gear</li></ul>
<h2>How to Get to the “Luzhniki” Aquapark</h2>
The water complex is located at Moscow, Luzhniki Street 24, Building 4. Its central location ensures excellent transport accessibility.

<h3>By Metro</h3>
<strong>“Vorobyovy Gory” Station</strong> (red line) — the fastest option. Exit from the north vestibule leads almost directly to the entrance. The walk takes 3–5 minutes at a relaxed pace.

<strong>“Sportivnaya” Station</strong> (red line) is slightly farther, about a 15-minute walk along Luzhnetskaya Embankment.

<h3>By MCC (Moscow Central Circle)</h3>
<strong>“Luzhniki” Station</strong> is a 10-minute walk away. After exiting, turn right and pass under the railway overpass following the signs.

<h3>By Bus</h3>
Numerous routes go to the <strong>“Stadion Luzhniki”</strong> stop:
<ul><li>Buses M5, M6, S263</li>
<li>From the stop to the entrance — about a 5-minute walk</li></ul>
<h3>By Car</h3>
A 140-space parking lot is available. Entry is via a checkpoint with single-use tickets.

<strong>Weekday Parking Rates:</strong>
<ul><li>First 30 minutes — free</li>
<li>Then 100 RUB per hour</li></ul>
<strong>Weekend Parking Rates:</strong>
<ul><li>First 30 minutes — free</li>
<li>Then 150 RUB per hour</li></ul>
<strong>Note:</strong> During major sports events, concerts, or football matches at Luzhniki Stadium, access may be restricted and parking rates adjusted. It’s advised to check the official website in advance.

<h2>Opening Hours and Contacts</h2>
<strong>Aquapark:</strong> daily from 10:00 to 22:00  
<strong>Sports Pools:</strong> daily from 07:00 to 22:00  
<strong>Outdoor Complex:</strong> from 07:00 to 23:00 (summer season)

<strong>Official website:</strong> aqua.luzhniki.ru  
<strong>Phone:</strong> +7 (495) 106-88-88  
<strong>Email:</strong> callcenter@aqua-luzhniki.ru

<h2>Useful Tips for Visitors</h2>
<h3>What to Bring</h3>
<ol><li><strong>Swimsuit</strong> — mandatory for entry</li>
<li><strong>Rubber slippers or flip-flops</strong> — required throughout the complex</li>
<li><strong>Towel</strong> — preferably large for comfort</li>
<li><strong>Personal hygiene products</strong> — shampoo, shower gel</li></ol>
<h3>What Might Be Useful</h3>
<ul><li>Swimming goggles — for comfort in pools</li>
<li>Swim cap — recommended for sports pools</li>
<li>Arm floaties for small children</li>
<li>Waterproof phone case</li></ul>
<h3>If You Forget Something</h3>
Shops and rental points on-site offer:
<ul><li>Swimwear and accessories</li>
<li>Disposable slippers</li>
<li>Towels and robes (rental)</li>
<li>Goggles, caps, arm floaties</li>
<li>Life jackets (available for free)</li></ul>
<h3>Tips to Save Time and Money</h3>
<strong>Visit on weekdays:</strong> weekends are busier, lines at slides are longer, and prices are 20–25% higher.  
<strong>Buy tickets online:</strong> saves time and sometimes offers small discounts.  
<strong>Plan your visit:</strong> for full enjoyment of all zones, a 4-hour or full-day ticket is recommended.  
<strong>Watch for promotions:</strong> birthday specials, family passes, and seasonal discounts are regularly offered.

<h2>Visiting with Children</h2>
The “Luzhniki” Aquapark provides excellent conditions for families but has important rules to follow.

<h3>Age Restrictions</h3>
<ul><li>Children under 16 must be accompanied by an adult</li>
<li>One adult may accompany no more than three children</li>
<li>Height and weight limits apply for certain slides</li></ul>
<h3>Children’s Zone</h3>
An independent play area for the youngest guests includes safe slides up to 3 meters high, interactive fountains, sprayers, and shallow pools up to 50 cm deep. Water temperature is maintained at 30–32°C.

<strong>Note:</strong> despite the presence of lifeguards, parents must remain near their children at all times.

<h2>Technology and Safety</h2>
The “Luzhniki” aquacomplex is equipped with the most advanced water purification and monitoring systems.

<h3>Water Treatment System</h3>
<ul><li>32 mechanical filters</li>
<li>Ozonation disinfection system</li>
<li>Ultraviolet installations</li>
<li>Automatic pH and chlorine level monitoring</li>
<li>Complete water circulation every 4–6 hours</li></ul>
<h3>Visitor Safety</h3>
<ul><li>24-hour video surveillance</li>
<li>Lifeguard teams on every level</li>
<li>Medical station</li>
<li>Access control with electronic wristbands</li>
<li>Non-slip flooring throughout</li></ul>
<h2>Advantages of the “Luzhniki” Aquapark</h2>
<ul><li><strong>Scale:</strong> one of Russia’s largest indoor water parks, over 12,000 m²</li>
<li><strong>Unique Attractions:</strong> “Master Blaster” slide with uphill motion</li>
<li><strong>Year-Round Recreation:</strong> open-air thermal pool operates even in winter</li>
<li><strong>Panoramic Views:</strong> overlooking the Moscow River and Sparrow Hills</li>
<li><strong>Olympic Standards:</strong> world-class swimming facilities</li>
<li><strong>Excellent Accessibility:</strong> located right next to a metro station</li>
<li><strong>Developed Infrastructure:</strong> everything needed for comfortable rest in one place</li></ul>
<h2>Conclusion</h2>
The “Luzhniki” Aquapark is a modern multifunctional complex offering entertainment for all tastes — from extreme water slides to relaxed swimming in Olympic pools, from thermal therapy to athletic training. Its central Moscow location, developed infrastructure, and high safety standards make it an ideal destination for families, friends, or solo recreation.

Regardless of age or preference, every visitor will find something here. Modern technology, unique attractions, and panoramic city views ensure unforgettable experiences and the desire to return.

Aquapark Luzhniki

The Family Recreation Center "Karibiya" is a modern water entertainment complex located in the eastern part of the capital. The water park attracts visitors with its year-round operation and comfortable water and air temperatures reminiscent of a tropical climate. Everything here is designed for both active and relaxing leisure for adults and children of all ages.

<h2>Location and Opening Hours</h2>
The water park is located at <strong>Zeleny Prospekt, Building 10B</strong>, in the Perovo district. It is easy to reach — only about a seven-minute walk from the Perovo metro station. The building with its distinctive transparent dome is hard to miss. The center welcomes guests <strong>daily from 10:00 to 22:00</strong>, allowing visitors to choose a convenient time to attend on weekdays or weekends.

<strong>Contact Information:</strong>
<ul><li>Phone: +7 (495) 095-75-75</li>
<li>Official website: karibiya.ru</li>
<li>Coordinates: 55.747791, 37.778125</li></ul>
<h2>Water Attractions and Slides</h2>
The water park features four main water slides designed for different levels of thrill-seekers:

<h3>Black Hole</h3>
The most adrenaline-pumping attraction in the complex. The descent takes place through a closed tunnel over 84 meters long, starting from a height of 9 meters. Visitors race in near-total darkness, navigating unexpected turns at about 7 meters per second. The slide delivers unforgettable sensations to thrill enthusiasts.

<h3>Body Slide</h3>
This slide features steep turns and a fast finish into the pool. It’s popular among those who enjoy a dynamic ride and bright emotions. The chance of flipping over during a solo descent is fairly high, so many prefer riding in pairs.

<h3>Multi-Slide</h3>
The unique feature of this slide is the ability for several people to descend simultaneously on parallel tracks. Friends or family members can slide together, holding hands and organizing fun competitions. The attraction reaches speeds of up to 43 km/h.

<h3>Free Fall</h3>
An ideal option for beginners and those who prefer a calm experience. The closed slide has a gentle incline of only 25%, providing a smooth and comfortable descent without sharp turns.

<strong>Note:</strong> All major slides are available for children aged 10 and older. A separate children’s area with safe attractions is available for younger guests.

<h2>Pools and Relaxation Areas</h2>
The water area of the park includes several pools for different purposes:

<ul><li><strong>Wave Pool</strong> — the centerpiece of the complex, where artificial waves create a sea-like experience every 15 minutes</li>
<li><strong>Jacuzzi with Geysers</strong> — a warm pool with hydromassage, ideal for relaxation</li>
<li><strong>Children’s Paddling Pool</strong> — a shallow pool with a fountain and small slides for kids aged one to four</li></ul>
The water temperature in all pools is maintained at <strong>+30°C</strong>, providing comfortable conditions for extended water activities.

<h2>Bath Complex and Spa Services</h2>
Fans of wellness treatments will appreciate the variety of baths and saunas:

<ul><li>Russian bath with traditional steaming</li>
<li>Finnish sauna heated up to +130°C</li>
<li>Japanese bath — a warm pool with beautiful lighting</li>
<li>Turkish hammam with moist steam</li>
<li>Caldarium for gentle warming</li></ul>
<h3>Spa Procedures</h3>
The complex includes a professional spa salon offering a wide range of services:
<ul><li>Various types of massage: anti-cellulite, lymphatic drainage, classic, relaxing</li>
<li>Body wraps and peelings (from 3000 to 6000 rubles)</li>
<li>Garra Rufa fish peeling (from 200 rubles for 5 minutes)</li>
<li>Facial cosmetic treatments</li>
<li>Hair salon, manicure, and pedicure</li>
<li>Solarium</li></ul>
Both individual and group packages including water park visits are available.

<h2>Entertainment Program</h2>
The water park regularly hosts events for visitors of all ages:

<ul><li>Weekly circus shows with clowns and magicians</li>
<li>Daily children’s animation</li>
<li>Themed celebrations: Cosmonautics Day, Halloween, Oktoberfest</li>
<li>Contests: “Miss Karibiya,” photo competitions</li>
<li>Evening discos</li>
<li>Aqua aerobics classes and competitions</li></ul>
Special 30-minute swimming sessions are available for children starting from one year old.

<h2>Additional Entertainment</h2>
The center also offers:

<ul><li>Professional bowling with 12 lanes</li>
<li>Billiards with Russian and pool tables</li>
<li>Game hall with air hockey, racing, and flight simulators</li>
<li>Table tennis and darts</li>
<li>Sports bar with live broadcasts of major sporting events</li></ul>
<h2>Restaurants and Cafes</h2>
Several dining options are available within the water park:

<ul><li>Italian restaurant</li>
<li>European café</li>
<li>Phyto-bar with healthy menu</li>
<li>Sports bar</li></ul>
The average cost of a meal is around 400 rubles per person. <strong>Important:</strong> Bringing your own food and drinks is prohibited, except for factory-sealed baby food.

<h2>Admission Prices</h2>
The water park offers flexible pricing based on visit duration:

<h3>For 5 hours (any day of the week)</h3>
<ul><li>Children’s ticket (height up to 150 cm) — 1740 rubles</li>
<li>Adult ticket — 2990 rubles</li></ul>
<h3>For 12 hours</h3>
<ul><li>Children’s ticket — 3490 rubles</li>
<li>Adult ticket — 5990 rubles</li></ul>
<h3>For 3 hours (weekdays/weekends)</h3>
<ul><li>Adults: 2490 / 2790 rubles</li>
<li>Children: 1390 / 1590 rubles</li></ul>
Special offers and discounts are available for:

<ul><li>Large families</li>
<li>Birthday visitors</li>
<li>Groups of 10 or more</li>
<li>Schoolchildren and students</li></ul>
Tickets can be purchased online on the official website and are valid for 31 days after payment.

<h2>Rules of Conduct</h2>
For safety reasons, the following are prohibited:

<ul><li>Wearing jewelry, glasses, or swimsuits with metal parts</li>
<li>Eating or drinking directly in or near the pool</li>
<li>Running within the area</li>
<li>Jumping or diving from pool edges</li>
<li>Using swimming masks and snorkels</li>
<li>Sliding with loose long hair</li></ul>
<h2>How to Get to the Water Park</h2>

<h3>By Metro</h3>
The best route is to take the <strong>Perovo</strong> station on the Kalininskaya Line. Exit from the last car in the direction away from the city center. The walk to the water park takes about 7–10 minutes.

<h3>By Public Transport</h3>
You can reach the stop on Zeleny Prospekt by bus, minibus, or trolleybus. Public transport also runs from “Shosse Entuziastov” metro station and “Novogireevo” platform.

<h3>By Car</h3>
Convenient access from the MKAD or Entuziastov Highway. Visitors arriving by car can use a <strong>free underground parking lot</strong> opposite the building. The trip from central Moscow takes about 30–40 minutes depending on traffic.

<h3>By Taxi</h3>
A taxi ride from the city center costs from 150 rubles. Car-sharing services are also available.

<h2>Advantages of Karibiya Water Park</h2>
<ol><li><strong>Convenient location</strong> — close to the metro and well-developed transport infrastructure</li>
<li><strong>Modern facilities</strong> — equipped with everything for comfortable recreation</li>
<li><strong>High water quality</strong> — unique purification system ensures safety</li>
<li><strong>Variety of services</strong> — attractions, baths, spa, bowling, restaurants</li>
<li><strong>Safety</strong> — slide design minimizes injury risks</li>
<li><strong>Entertainment program</strong> — regular events and shows</li>
<li><strong>Convenient payment system</strong> — the wristband acts as both locker key and payment method</li></ol>
<h2>Things to Keep in Mind</h2>
<ul><li>There are only four main slides</li>
<li>Weekends can be crowded with possible queues</li>
<li>Children under 10 are not allowed on the main slides</li>
<li>The children’s area is relatively small</li>
<li>Personal photography is paid — 500 rubles</li>
<li>Actual visit time is 30–40 minutes shorter due to entry and changing procedures</li>
<li>The floor can be slippery — special footwear is recommended</li></ul>
<h2>Event Organization</h2>
The water park offers event planning services for family celebrations and corporate parties. Staff can help select a suitable program including water area access, entertainment, and catering. It is possible to book separate zones for children’s birthday parties with animators.

<h2>Conclusion</h2>
The Karibiya Water Park is a versatile family recreation center with excellent infrastructure and a wide range of services. It is particularly suitable for relaxation, wellness procedures, and family leisure. Despite a limited number of extreme rides, the wave pool, quality bath complex, and additional entertainment make the center an attractive year-round destination for weekends.

Aquapark Karibiya

<strong>Aquapark “Kva-Kva Park”</strong> is a large-scale entertainment complex covering more than 4,200 square meters, located in the XL Family Outlet shopping and entertainment center in the city of Mytishchi, Moscow region. Opened in November 2006, it has become one of the largest water parks not only in Russia but in all of Europe, capable of accommodating up to 650 visitors at a time.

<h2>Location and How to Get There</h2>
The water complex is located at: <strong>Moscow Region, Mytishchi, Kommunisticheskaya Street, 1</strong>, on the second floor of the shopping center. Its convenient location just one kilometer from the MKAD along the Yaroslavl Highway makes it easily accessible for both Moscow residents and visitors from the suburbs.

<h3>Public Transport</h3>
You can reach the water park from <strong>VDNKh</strong> metro station (exit toward the “Cosmos” hotel). Numerous buses and minibuses go from the metro to the XL Family Outlet shopping center: routes No. 316, 317, 333, 388, 392, 451, 565, 576, 578. Travel time is about 20–30 minutes, depending on traffic.

<h3>By Car</h3>
For drivers, the route is very simple — drive along the Yaroslavl Highway from the MKAD toward the region. After one kilometer, you will see a large shopping center with free parking for visitors.

<h2>Opening Hours and Admission Prices</h2>
The aquapark is open <strong>daily, without holidays, from 10:00 to 22:00</strong>, allowing visitors to choose a convenient time for relaxation any day of the week.

<h3>Weekday Rates</h3>
<strong>For adults:</strong>
<ul><li>Up to 12 hours — 3290 rubles</li><li>Up to 4 hours — 2390 rubles</li><li>Up to 2 hours 40 minutes — 2090 rubles</li></ul>
<strong>For children 130–150 cm tall:</strong>
<ul><li>Up to 12 hours — 1690 rubles</li><li>Up to 4 hours — 1390 rubles</li><li>Up to 2 hours 40 minutes — 990 rubles</li></ul>
<h3>Weekend Rates</h3>
<strong>For adults:</strong>
<ul><li>Up to 12 hours — 3790 rubles</li><li>Up to 4 hours — 2890 rubles</li><li>Up to 2 hours 40 minutes — 2290 rubles</li></ul>
<strong>For children 130–150 cm tall:</strong>
<ul><li>Up to 12 hours — 1890 rubles</li><li>Up to 4 hours — 1590 rubles</li><li>Up to 2 hours 40 minutes — 1390 rubles</li></ul>
<strong>Important:</strong> Children under 130 cm in height can visit the aquapark free of charge. The official website regularly publishes special offers and promotions with discounts up to 50% for birthday guests, students, schoolchildren, and residents of nearby regions.

<h2>Water Slides and Attractions</h2>
Seven high-speed slides ranging from 10 to 12 meters in height and up to 122 meters in length offer varying levels of excitement suitable for visitors with different preferences.

<h3>Extreme Slides for Adrenaline Lovers</h3>
<strong>“Black Hole”</strong> is deservedly one of the most impressive attractions in the complex. The 122-meter descent takes place almost entirely in darkness through a closed tube with unexpected turns and spirals, creating unforgettable sensations for thrill-seekers.

<strong>“Cosmic Hole” (or “Cyclone”)</strong> offers guests a true challenge — a rapid descent from a 12-meter height into a massive bowl, where riders spin around before a final plunge into a 2.4-meter-deep pool. The average descent speed reaches 9 meters per second.

<strong>“Tsunami”</strong> features a unique curved design 12.5 meters long, resembling a roller ramp. The descent on an inflatable tube takes just a few seconds, delivering an intense burst of excitement.

<strong>“Turn”</strong> is a true water labyrinth 118 meters long. Guests rush along a winding course at speeds of about 5 meters per second, navigating numerous bends and turns.

<strong>“Wild River”</strong>, 12 meters high and over 100 meters long, lets visitors feel the power of a mountain stream. The ride on inflatable tubes through sharp turns ends in a spacious pool.

<h3>Family and Relaxed Attractions</h3>
<strong>“Multislide”</strong> allows up to four people to slide simultaneously along parallel 39-meter lanes — perfect for friendly races and family fun.

<strong>“Family Slide”</strong> descends directly into the picturesque Lagoon area with jacuzzis and decorative stone grottos. This attraction is open to children over eight years old accompanied by adults.

<strong>“Lazy River”</strong> in the Lagoon zone offers a relaxed float on inflatable tubes among artificial grottos and tropical plants, creating the atmosphere of a true island paradise.

<h2>Aquapark Pools</h2>
<h3>Wave Pool</h3>
The main pool of the complex is equipped with a modern wave-generation system offering varying intensities. Visitors can enjoy the feeling of sea surf, while a spectacular multi-tiered waterfall cascading from an artificial rock adds both visual appeal and a massaging effect.

<h3>Children’s Area</h3>
A specially designed zone for children aged 3 to 8 includes a shallow pool only 35 cm deep with water heated to 32–33°C. It features safe slides, water cannons, play fountains, and a real waterfall. Experienced instructors ensure the safety of young guests, and free inflatable vests provide extra protection.

<h3>Lagoon with Jacuzzis</h3>
A quiet shallow-water zone with built-in jacuzzis keeps the water temperature around 35°C. Thousands of bubbles create a pleasant hydromassage effect, helping guests unwind after active fun.

<h2>SPA and Sauna Complex</h2>
In addition to the water attractions, the aquapark offers an extensive wellness area with various types of baths and saunas, available to all visitors at no extra charge.

<h3>Types of Baths and Saunas</h3>
<strong>Finnish Sauna “MAXIMUS”</strong> with a temperature of 90–100°C and dry steam helps restore energy after physical activity, relaxes muscles, and revitalizes the body.

<strong>Russian Bath</strong> is offered in two versions — “PROFI” for those who enjoy intense heat at 110–120°C and VIP “PREMIUM” with personal service from a professional bath attendant. Guests can book aromatic steam treatments with birch brooms starting from 770 rubles.

<strong>Turkish Hammam</strong> features a moderate temperature of about 43°C and 100% humidity. Thick steam and heated marble loungers create an atmosphere ideal for gentle body warming.

<strong>Sanarium (Steam Sauna)</strong> combines the therapeutic effects of steam with aromatherapy, light, and sound. Its mild temperature provides comfort and prepares the body for massage or body wraps.

<strong>Infrared Sauna</strong> uses modern heating technology that penetrates deeper into the body, promoting detoxification and overall well-being.

<h3>SPA Treatments</h3>
A wide range of wellness services is available, including massages, body wraps, and scrubs. One of the most popular is the exotic <strong>Garra Rufa fish peeling</strong>, which gently cleanses the skin, improves blood circulation, and promotes tissue regeneration. Guests describe pleasant sensations of light tingling and relaxation during the session.

<h2>Restaurants and Cafes</h2>
<h3>Restaurant “KiproS” (formerly “Troy”)</h3>
The main restaurant of the aquapark is designed in a Mediterranean style and offers a diverse menu featuring Japanese, Italian, and European cuisines. The interior evokes a seaside café atmosphere, and evening discos feature popular music. A special children’s menu is also available.

<h3>Beach Bar “LAGUNA”</h3>
Located right by the pools, this bar recreates the ambiance of a Mediterranean beach. The menu includes refreshing fruit cocktails, soft drinks, ice cream, light snacks, sandwiches, and pizza. The décor, featuring natural marble and bamboo, enhances the feeling of summer relaxation.

<h2>Safety Rules and Restrictions</h2>
The aquapark administration pays special attention to visitor safety. The following rules apply:
<ul><li>Age and height restrictions apply to extreme slides</li>
<li>Wearing jewelry, glasses, or swimwear with metal elements is prohibited while riding</li>
<li>Children under three years old are not allowed on water attractions</li>
<li>Running, headfirst, or stomach-first descents are prohibited</li>
<li>Diving or jumping into pools from the sides is not allowed</li>
<li>Food and drinks may only be consumed in designated areas</li></ul>
Each attraction has informational signs with detailed safety guidelines. Experienced instructors monitor compliance and assist guests in using the slides correctly.

<h2>Additional Services</h2>
<h3>Event Organization</h3>
The aquapark organizes children’s birthday parties and corporate events. Special programs include animation, shows, meetings with fairy-tale characters, and water relays. Private area or full-complex rental is available for large-scale events hosting 15–800 people.

<h3>Photoshoots</h3>
Professional photography is available by appointment. Prices start from 2500 rubles per session lasting 20 minutes to one hour.

<h3>Children’s Play Area</h3>
A free play zone on the balcony near the wave pool is equipped with toys and a rest area for parents, allowing them to supervise their children in a safe environment.

<h3>Memberships and Gift Certificates</h3>
Frequent visitors can benefit from purchasing passes for 5, 10, or 25 visits per year. Gift certificates of various denominations are also available — a great present for water entertainment enthusiasts.

<h2>Practical Information</h2>
<strong>Contacts:</strong>
<ul><li>Phone: +7 (495) 258-06-83</li>
<li>Official website: kva-kva.ru</li>
<li>Address: Moscow Region, Mytishchi, Kommunisticheskaya Street, 1</li></ul>
<h3>What to Bring</h3>
<ul><li>Swimsuit without metal parts</li>
<li>Rubber slippers or flip-flops</li>
<li>Towel (available for rent from 50 rubles)</li>
<li>Swim cap</li>
<li>Personal hygiene items</li></ul>
<h3>Useful Tips</h3>
<ul><li>On weekends, the aquapark can be very crowded, with queues for popular rides — plan your visit on weekdays or arrive at opening time</li>
<li>The maximum pool depth is 1.8 meters (2.8 meters in the “Cyclone” area)</li>
<li>Water temperature is maintained at a comfortable +29...+31°C</li>
<li>Check the official website for promotions — discounts can reach up to 50%</li>
<li>Students and schoolchildren receive discounted weekday rates upon presenting valid ID</li></ul>
<h2>Conclusion</h2>
“Kva-Kva Park” Aquapark is a versatile water entertainment center designed to satisfy the needs of a wide range of visitors. Seven thrilling slides of varying intensity, spacious pools with modern equipment, a safe children’s zone, a full SPA complex, and quality dining make it an ideal place for family recreation year-round. Its convenient location near the MKAD and accessibility by public transport ensure easy reach for residents of Moscow and the surrounding region. No matter the weather outside, the atmosphere here is always warm, summery, and festive.

Aquapark “Kva-Kva Park”

The Moscow Gostiny Dvor is a unique architectural monument that combines a rich historical heritage with modern functionality. Located just three hundred meters from the Kremlin, this majestic complex on Ilyinka Street has become an integral part of the cultural and business life of the Russian capital.

<h2>Historical Development of the Complex</h2>
<h3>The Emergence of a Trading Center</h3>
The territory of today’s Gostiny Dvor began to take shape as a trading area as early as the fifteenth century. Merchants who had previously conducted business within the Kremlin moved to an area that became known as Veliky Posad. The streets of Varvarka and Ilyinka turned into bustling trading arteries where goods from all over Rus’ and foreign countries were actively exchanged.

Visiting merchants were traditionally called “guests,” which gave the complex its name. The first written mention of Gostiny Dvor dates back to the early sixteenth century, when Austrian diplomat Sigismund von Herberstein described a large walled building intended for merchants and their goods.

<h3>Stone Construction under the Romanovs</h3>
<strong>In 1641</strong>, by order of Tsar Mikhail Fyodorovich, a stone building of Gostiny Dvor was erected. The complex was divided into four parts: the Old, New, Salt, and Fish Yards. The high whitewashed walls were adorned with an octagonal tower topped by a gilded copper eagle weighing more than twenty poods.

The complex was expanded between 1661 and 1665 under the supervision of merchant and state clerk Averkiy Kirillov. Gostiny Dvor occupied an entire city block and gained not only commercial but also diplomatic significance: it housed the Ambassadorial Office, which received foreign envoys and merchants.

<h3>The Era of Catherine and the Quarenghi Project</h3>
By the end of the eighteenth century, the condition of the buildings had become critical. Moscow’s commander-in-chief, Count Yakov Bruce, reported to Empress Catherine II that the structures were in danger of collapse, with bricks and stones falling from the walls, endangering traders and passersby.

After part of the building collapsed in 1786, the Empress issued a decree to sell the premises and land at auction to finance new construction. The project was designed by <strong>the eminent Italian architect Giacomo Quarenghi</strong>, creator of many famous St. Petersburg landmarks, including the Hermitage Theatre and the Smolny Institute.

Construction took place from 1790 to 1805 under the overall supervision of Matvei Kazakov. Architects Ivan Selekhov and Semyon Karin had to adjust Quarenghi’s original design, which did not account for local terrain and clay soil. The result was a majestic three-story neoclassical building with rounded corners, arched facades, and Corinthian pilasters.

<h3>Trial by Fire and Restoration</h3>
The Moscow Fire of 1812 caused severe damage to Gostiny Dvor. Much of the complex was burned, and the shops were looted by French troops. Restoration was overseen by <strong>Moscow’s chief architect Osip Bove</strong>, and by 1830 the building had regained its former splendor.

After the construction of a new trading complex on Rybny Lane in 1840, the historical structure became known as the Old Gostiny Dvor. In the early twentieth century, the central part of the building on Khrustalny Lane was rebuilt in a pseudo-classical style designed by architect Karl Hippius.

<h2>Modern Revival</h2>
<h3>Large-Scale Reconstruction</h3>
During the Soviet period, Gostiny Dvor was used as a warehouse and gradually fell into decay. During the Great Patriotic War, its premises served as bomb shelters.

<strong>A new era</strong> for the complex began in 1995 with the start of a five-year reconstruction. The construction was accompanied by archaeological excavations that uncovered:

<ul><li>About two hundred structures dating from the twelfth to seventeenth centuries</li>
<li>Residential and utility log buildings</li>
<li>Drainage systems and wells</li>
<li>A unique hoard of sixteen silver vessels</li>
<li>More than ninety-five thousand Russian coins and three hundred thirty-five Western European thalers</li></ul>
Some of the findings are displayed in the Museum of the Old Gostiny Dvor, located within the complex.

<h3>Architectural Changes</h3>
The reconstruction significantly altered the building’s appearance. Attic floors were added to accommodate offices, the twelve-thousand-square-meter inner courtyard was paved with granite, and a translucent dome was installed overhead. This engineering structure became one of the largest frameless domed roofs in Europe.

The total area of the complex reached eighty-two thousand square meters. Today’s Gostiny Dvor unites under one roof numerous shops, restaurants, cafés, beauty salons, offices, and museum exhibitions.

<h2>Cultural Life and Events</h2>
<h3>Exhibition Activities</h3>
The spacious atrium of Gostiny Dvor has become one of Moscow’s most sought-after exhibition venues. Its key advantage is its location in the historic heart of the capital, within walking distance of the Kremlin.

Among the regular events, the most notable are:

<ul><li><strong>International Fair of Intellectual Literature Non/fiction</strong> — held twice a year, in winter and spring, based in Gostiny Dvor since 2019</li>
<li><strong>“Art of the Doll” Exhibition</strong> — one of the world’s largest doll expositions, showcasing works by masters from around the globe</li>
<li><strong>“Unique Russia” Forum</strong> — a January exhibition of Russian arts and crafts and decorative-applied art</li></ul>
<h3>Festivals and Celebrations</h3>
The complex regularly serves as a venue for large-scale festivals:

<ol><li>All-Russian Architectural Festival Best Interior Festival (late October–early November)</li>
<li>International Architecture and Design Forum “Zodchestvo”</li>
<li>Author’s Song Festival “Pokrovsky Sobor” in December</li>
<li>International Fashion Week featuring shows by renowned designers</li></ol>
<h3>New Year Performances</h3>
The “Mayor of Moscow’s Christmas Trees” have become a beloved tradition — grand musical performances for the whole family. Colorful decorations, circus acts with 3D effects, and interactive foyer activities create an atmosphere of true festive magic.

<h2>Visitor Information</h2>
<h3>Opening Hours and Touring the Complex</h3>
Gostiny Dvor is open daily from 10:00 to 22:00 without holidays. A leisurely tour of its architecture and interior galleries takes at least two hours.

The atmosphere resembles a cozy European town with numerous shops, cafés, and restaurants. Between shopping, visitors can relax in a café or stroll through the inner courtyards beneath the grand glass dome.

<h3>How to Get There</h3>
<strong>Address:</strong> Moscow, Ilyinka Street, Building 4

<strong>Nearest metro stations:</strong>
<ul><li>“Ploshchad Revolyutsii” — only 270 meters on foot via Bogoyavlensky Lane to Ilyinka</li>
<li>“Teatralnaya,” “Okhotny Ryad,” “Kitay-Gorod,” “Lubyanka” — 10–15 minutes on foot</li></ul>
<strong>Ground transport:</strong>
<ul><li>Bus M90 from “Belyaevo” metro to “Lubyanka” metro</li>
<li>Bus M2 from “Vladykino” metro to Victory Park, stopping at Lubyanskaya, Teatralnaya, and Manezhnaya squares</li></ul>
<h3>What to See Nearby</h3>
Its central location makes Gostiny Dvor an excellent starting point for exploring Moscow’s landmarks:

<ul><li>Red Square — just 300 meters away</li>
<li>St. Basil’s Cathedral on Vasilyevsky Spusk</li>
<li>“Zaryadye” Park with modern architecture</li>
<li>Nikolskaya Street with Baroque and Classical-style buildings</li>
<li>The Bolshoi and Maly Theatres</li>
<li>Church of St. George the Victorious on Pskov Hill</li></ul>
<h2>Architectural Significance</h2>
The Moscow Gostiny Dvor became a model for similar trading buildings in many Russian cities. Its majestic Palladian-style structure, with arched spaces, rounded corners, and Corinthian pilasters, exemplifies the finest traditions of late eighteenth–early nineteenth-century architecture.

The interior gallery on the second floor along Rybny Lane evokes the architecture of ancient Rome. The modern translucent dome, made of more than eight thousand glass panels, harmoniously complements the historic structure, creating a unique fusion of antiquity and modernity.

<h3>Gostiny Dvor Today</h3>
Today, it is not merely a shopping center but a multifunctional cultural and business complex that combines:

<ul><li>Stores of global brands and souvenir shops</li>
<li>Restaurants, cafés, and bars offering various cuisines</li>
<li>Offices and banks</li>
<li>Beauty salons and service centers</li>
<li>Exhibition halls and museum displays</li>
<li>Venues for concerts, fashion shows, and festive events</li></ul>
The complex’s technical facilities meet international standards: climate control systems, modern lighting, and powerful communications enable events of any scale.

<h2>Conclusion</h2>
Gostiny Dvor in Moscow is a living monument of history that has evolved from a wooden inn of the sixteenth century into a modern multifunctional complex. It intertwines eras and styles, trading traditions, and the cultural life of the capital.

A visit here offers not only the chance to admire magnificent neoclassical architecture and attend engaging exhibitions but also to feel the spirit of old Moscow at the heart of a modern metropolis. Each return to Gostiny Dvor reveals something new — whether a temporary exhibition, a festive event, or simply the atmosphere of the historic Kitay-Gorod district.

Gostiny Dvor

Sandunov Baths (Sanduny) are not just a place for bathing rituals, but a true gem of Moscow architecture with over two centuries of history. Located in the very heart of the capital on Neglinnaya Street, they represent a unique combination of luxurious interiors, advanced technologies, and carefully preserved traditions of Russian bath culture.

<h2>The Romantic Story Behind the Creation of the Legendary Baths</h2>
The origin of the Sandunov Baths is shrouded in romance and connected with the names of court actors from the Imperial Theatre. <strong>Sila Sandunov</strong>, a Georgian-born comedic actor, and <strong>Elizaveta Uranova</strong>, a talented mezzo-soprano singer, became the center of one of the most talked-about love stories of Catherine the Great’s era.

<h3>The Empress’s Wedding Gift</h3>
The young actress caught the attention of the influential Count Bezborodko, whose persistent courtship interfered with her marriage to her beloved. The brave Elizaveta appealed directly to Empress Catherine II during a theatre performance at the Hermitage. The Empress not only permitted the marriage but also generously gifted the bride diamonds and personally took part in preparing the wedding.

The diamonds received from the Empress were sold, and the proceeds allowed the couple to purchase a plot of land by the Neglinnaya River. Initially, the spouses planned to build residential houses and shops, but soon changed their decision in favor of constructing public baths.

By 1808, construction was completed, and the Moscow public gained access to a bath complex with unprecedented amenities. <strong>Sila Sandunov</strong> introduced a revolutionary innovation — for the first time in Moscow, the men’s and women’s sections were completely separated.

<h2>The Golden Age of Sanduny: The 1896 Reconstruction</h2>
The true flourishing of the baths began when they came under the ownership of <strong>Aleksey Ganetsky</strong>, husband of Vera Firsanova. After traveling to the finest bathhouses in Europe — from Turkey to Ireland — he decided to create in Moscow a bath palace without equal.

<h3>Architectural Splendor</h3>
To bring this ambitious project to life, the renowned architect <strong>Boris Freudenberg</strong> was invited. The work was completed by Sergey Kalugin, and on February 14, 1896, the renewed baths opened their doors to visitors. The building amazed everyone with its eclectic façade that combined elements of various styles:

<ul><li>Baroque and Rococo created an atmosphere of luxury</li>
<li>Gothic elements added grandeur</li>
<li>Renaissance motifs emphasized sophistication</li>
<li>Classicism lent strictness and nobility</li></ul>
<h3>Engineering Innovations</h3>
The Sandunov Baths became the standard of the bath industry thanks to advanced technical solutions. The engineering system included revolutionary technologies for its time:

<ul><li>An autonomous water supply from the Moscow River and a 700-foot artesian well</li>
<li>A multi-stage filtration system with American filters</li>
<li>The complex’s own power station for lighting</li>
<li>A sophisticated network of underground communications with canals and pipelines</li></ul>
Exclusive materials were brought from Europe for the finishing: Norwegian and Italian marble, English tiles, Swiss and German ceramics. The interiors were so luxurious they rivaled the décor of the finest Moscow mansions.

<h2>The Structure of the Bath Complex</h2>
<h3>Sections by Class</h3>
The Sandunov Baths were accessible to all social classes. The system of classes provided varying levels of comfort and corresponding price categories:

<strong>Common Sections:</strong>

<ul><li>Peasant — from 5 to 10 kopecks, included free medical assistance</li>
<li>Merchant — from 30 to 50 kopecks, moderate luxury of setting</li>
<li>Noble — the highest category of comfort, became a kind of bath club</li></ul>
<strong>Private Rooms</strong> priced from 60 kopecks to 5 rubles included up to five rooms: a dressing room, lounge, boudoir, bath, and steam room. Up to four hundred professional bath attendants worked here.

<h2>Famous Visitors</h2>
Sanduny became a meeting place for prominent figures of Russian culture. Among its guests were:

<ul><li><strong>Alexander Pushkin</strong> — known for his exceptional endurance in the steam room</li>
<li><strong>Anton Chekhov</strong> — rented an apartment nearby and was a regular visitor</li>
<li><strong>Fyodor Shalyapin</strong> — called Sanduny “the Tsar of Baths” and admired its grandeur</li>
<li><strong>Leo Tolstoy, Sergey Rachmaninoff, Ivan Bunin</strong> — appreciated the atmosphere and quality of service</li></ul>
Even the Grand Dukes of the Romanov family and the military governor of Moscow, Vladimir Dolgorukov, preferred Sanduny to their own luxurious baths.

<h2>Sanduny in Modern Moscow</h2>
In 1991, the Sandunov Baths received the status of a <strong>monument of Moscow architecture</strong> and were placed under state protection. Today, the complex continues to operate, preserving its historical traditions.

<h3>Modern Structure</h3>
The bath complex includes:

<ul><li>Three men’s sections of different classes</li>
<li>Two women’s sections</li>
<li>Eight exclusive suites with unique interiors</li>
<li>SPA center “Sanduny Vostok”</li>
<li>A restaurant serving Russian, Chinese, and Uzbek cuisine</li>
<li>An operating laundry</li>
<li>A souvenir shop</li></ul>
<h3>Themed Suites</h3>
Each of the eight suites is decorated in its own original style:

<ol><li><strong>“Lukomorye”</strong> — immersion in the world of Russian fairy tales</li>
<li><strong>“Soviet”</strong> — majestic Stalinist Empire style</li>
<li><strong>“Merchant’s”</strong> — atmosphere of an old Moscow mansion</li>
<li><strong>“Kandariya”</strong> — exoticism of an Indian temple</li>
<li><strong>“Sadko”</strong> — artistic murals and wooden carvings</li>
<li><strong>“Roman”</strong> — ancient luxury</li>
<li><strong>“Kamchatka”</strong> — spirit of the distant peninsula</li>
<li><strong>“Baikal”</strong> — the blue calm of the sacred lake</li></ol>
<h2>Sanduny on the Silver Screen</h2>
The unique interiors of the baths have attracted the attention of outstanding directors. The legendary <strong>Sergei Eisenstein</strong> filmed storm scenes for “Battleship Potemkin” and episodes for “Alexander Nevsky” in the Sanduny pool. The location also appeared in iconic films:

<ul><li>“The Irony of Fate, or Enjoy Your Bath!”</li>
<li>“Brother 2”</li>
<li>“The Master and Margarita”</li>
<li>“The State Counsellor”</li></ul>
<h2>Visitor Information</h2>
<h3>Hours and Pricing</h3>
The complex operates daily from 08:00, with Tuesday as a cleaning day. A two-hour visit costs between 3300 and 5000 rubles depending on time and section. Admission is free for children under 7, and from 7 to 18 years old — from 1650 rubles. Room rentals range from 5500 to 27000 rubles for two hours.

<h3>Guided Tours</h3>
Every Monday at 16:00, tours are held through the Highest Men’s Section, where original historic interiors have been preserved. Duration — one and a half hours. Registration is available through travel agencies.

<h3>How to Get There</h3>
Its central location ensures easy accessibility:

<ul><li>Metro station “Kuznetsky Most” — 470 meters</li>
<li>Metro station “Trubnaya” — 510 meters</li>
<li>Metro station “Lubyanka” — 760 meters</li></ul>
<strong>Interesting tradition:</strong> Since pre-revolutionary times, Moscow brides have followed a custom — for a happy married life, one must pour water from a silver basin at the Sandunov Baths before the wedding.

<h2>Cultural Heritage</h2>
The Sandunov Baths (Sanduny) are a living monument where the past seamlessly merges with the present. Here, one can still feel the atmosphere of Imperial Russia, witness the luxury of bygone times, and experience the same healing steam that once revived Pushkin and Shalyapin. Marble columns, painted frescoes, gilded stucco, and antique statues create the feeling of being in a museum — one where the exhibits are not merely preserved, but used for their original purpose.

For more than two centuries, Sanduny has remained a symbol of Russian bath culture — a place where ancestral traditions are carefully preserved and passed down to new generations. Visiting these legendary baths is not only a health ritual but also a journey through history — an opportunity to become part of a living Moscow legend.

Sandunov Baths (Sanduny)

The Grand Kremlin Palace is a majestic architectural ensemble located in the very heart of the capital. It is not just a single building, but a large-scale complex of structures created over nearly five centuries. Today, the palace serves as the official residence of the President of the Russian Federation and remains one of the country’s most significant historical landmarks.

<h2>History of the Palace Complex</h2>
<h3>Early Construction Period</h3>
The history of the Kremlin Palace began at the end of the 15th century, when the construction was overseen by the Italian architect Aleviz Fryazin. The first buildings of the ensemble laid the foundation for future large-scale transformations.

<h3>The Era of Empress Elizabeth</h3>
During the reign of Elizabeth Petrovna, the palace was planned to be repeatedly rebuilt. The famous architect Rastrelli proposed his reconstruction project, but the empress found it insufficiently ambitious. As a result, a radical decision was made to completely demolish the existing buildings.

<h3>The Vasily Bazhenov Project</h3>
Construction of a new palace according to the designs of Vasily Bazhenov was planned, but before the work began, it was discovered that implementing the project could lead to the destruction of the Archangel Cathedral. This revelation halted construction for many years, and the grand plans were forgotten for almost a century.

<h3>Revival under Nicholas I</h3>
Construction resumed only in the 1830s at the initiative of Emperor Nicholas I. The ruler sought to create a symbol of the historical continuity of power and demonstrate the grandeur of the Russian Empire. The project was designed by architect Konstantin Ton, and construction took place from 1838 to 1851 — more than ten years of painstaking work.

<h2>Architectural Features</h2>
<h3>Exterior Appearance</h3>
The main façade of the palace stretches along the Moskva River for <strong>125 meters</strong>, and the height of the building reaches 37 meters. The structure appears to have three floors due to the tall arched windows arranged in three rows, although it actually has only two floors. This optical illusion is achieved by the use of double-height ceilings on the upper level.

<h3>Stylistic Solutions</h3>
The architecture of the palace represents a harmonious blend of various styles. It intertwines elements of the Byzantine-Russian style, intended to emphasize dynastic ties with the Byzantine emperors, as well as features of the Renaissance, Baroque, and Classicism. The façade is adorned with carved white window frames, pilasters, and double arches, with a tribune and balustrade forming the center of the composition.

<h3>Innovative Technologies</h3>
During the construction of the palace, advanced 19th-century building methods were used, including the use of cement and lightweight ceiling structures. These innovations made it possible to create more spacious rooms with high ceilings.

<h2>State and Order Halls</h2>
The palace has <strong>over 700 rooms</strong>, among which five main halls stand out, each named after one of the highest orders of the Russian Empire.

<h3>St. George’s Hall</h3>
This monumental hall is dedicated to the empire’s most prestigious award — the Order of St. George the Victorious. The room, designed in white and gold tones, evokes the atmosphere of a true temple of military glory. The marble plaques bear the names of about 11,000 knights and awarded military units.

The hall features:

<ul><li>Six gilded bronze chandeliers</li>
<li>Twisted columns crowned with sculptures by Ivan Vitali</li>
<li>A unique parquet floor from 1845 made of twenty valuable wood species</li>
<li>A copy of the monument to Minin and Pozharsky</li></ul>
Today, St. George’s Hall hosts government receptions and state award ceremonies.

<h3>St. Andrew’s Hall</h3>
The main throne hall of the palace is dedicated to the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called, established by Peter I in 1698. The hall impresses with its lavish decoration — vaults, columns, and pilasters are covered with gilded stucco, and the capitals are adorned with images of the double-headed eagle and the crucified St. Andrew.

In the eastern part stands a throne ensemble of three seats, intended for Emperor Nicholas II, his wife, and the Dowager Empress. Above the thrones hangs an ermine canopy, and on the vault is depicted the All-Seeing Eye — a Christian symbol of the Holy Trinity.

<h3>St. Alexander’s Hall</h3>
This hall, named after the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky, is designed in the Byzantine-Russian style. Its impressive dimensions are 31 meters long, 21 meters wide, and 20 meters high. Under the dome are displayed the symbols of the order — the cross and the star with the monogram of the sainted prince.

The walls are adorned with historical paintings by Fyodor Moller depicting the life of Alexander Nevsky. On the west side are scenes of his military exploits, and on the east — moments of peaceful life. The parquet, created in 1843 with a refined floral pattern, resembles a magnificent woven carpet.

<h3>St. Vladimir’s Hall</h3>
This unusual octagonal hall is dedicated to the Order of St. Vladimir, established in honor of the Kievan prince who Christianized Rus. The room is finished with pink marble and has a unique architectural form — a square with 16-meter sides and corner niches.

The vaulted ceiling is styled as an ancient tent, illuminated by a circular skylight in the dome and a magnificent bronze chandelier. St. Vladimir’s Hall serves as an important connecting passage between the Faceted Chamber and the Terem Palace.

<h3>St. Catherine’s Hall</h3>
The hall dedicated to the Order of St. Catherine is executed in the Baroque style with abundant stucco decoration. It features pilasters on columns with malachite-patterned designs and six luxurious crystal candelabra, added here in 1856 during the coronation of Alexander II.

Today, St. Catherine’s Hall is used by the President of Russia for official meetings and negotiations and is therefore closed to the public.

<h2>The Grand Vestibule and Staircase</h2>
Upon entering the palace through the main entrance, visitors find themselves in a grand vestibule supported by four columns of gray Karelian granite. The space is illuminated by four bronze floor lamps with glass shades, and the walls are clad in yellow Kolomna marble.

The grand staircase leading to the second floor consists of 66 wide, low steps, specially designed to allow ladies in voluminous gowns to ascend comfortably. This design lent processions a particular sense of majesty.

<h2>The Private Quarters of the Imperial Family</h2>
The southern part of the palace was reserved for living quarters known as the “Private Half.” The enfilade consists of six main rooms, each uniquely decorated:

<ol><li><strong>The Empress’s Bedroom</strong> — in blue and gold tones, exuding serenity and devotion</li>
<li><strong>The Empress’s Boudoir</strong> — adorned with an exquisite malachite fireplace with gilded details</li>
<li><strong>The Empress’s Study</strong> — decorated in the Boulle style with tortoiseshell and brass inlay, featuring fabric upholstery with gold thread</li>
<li><strong>The Empress’s Drawing Room</strong> — a white and gold interior decorated with plaster bas-reliefs and a pineapple chandelier, symbolizing hospitality</li>
<li><strong>The Dining Room</strong> — in the classical style with white and yellow marble, stucco ornaments, and antique sculptures</li>
<li><strong>The Walnut Dressing Room</strong> — used for storing the imperial wardrobe</li></ol>
<h2>Historic Buildings within the Complex</h2>
The palace complex includes ancient structures of great historical value:

<ul><li><strong>The Faceted Chamber</strong> — the oldest secular building in Moscow, used for ceremonial receptions and state events</li>
<li><strong>The Terem Palace</strong> — a monument of 17th-century Russian architecture</li>
<li><strong>The Golden Tsarina’s Chamber</strong> — used for ceremonial receptions of tsarinas</li>
<li><strong>The Palace Churches</strong> — representing different eras</li>
<li><strong>The Armory Chamber</strong> — a museum-treasury housing unique artifacts</li></ul>
<h2>Interesting Facts about the Palace</h2>
The main façade measures exactly 125 meters, making the building one of the longest in the Kremlin. Initially, the palace served as the imperial residence, later hosting political meetings and party congresses. From 1994 to 1999, a large-scale restoration was carried out, restoring the historical halls to their original appearance.

Konstantin Ton, the chief architect of the palace, was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir for his work. Nicholas I personally attended the consecration of the building, which took place on Easter in 1849, and generously rewarded all participants in the construction.

<h2>Visitor Information</h2>
<h3>Location and Contacts</h3>
<strong>Address:</strong> Moscow, Kremlin Embankment, 1 (Dvortsovaya, 1p)<br>
<strong>Phone:</strong> +7 (495) 695-37-76, +7 (495) 620-78-46<br>
<strong>Official websites:</strong> kremlinpalace.org, kreml.ru

<h3>Opening Hours</h3>
Ticket offices are open daily from 12:00 to 20:00. However, since the palace is a restricted-access site, the visiting schedule may change due to state events.

<h3>How to Get There</h3>
The easiest way to reach the palace is by metro. The nearest stations are:

<ul><li>Biblioteka Imeni Lenina</li>
<li>Arbatskaya</li>
<li>Borovitskaya</li></ul>
From any of these stations, it’s just a few minutes’ walk to the Kremlin entrance.

<h3>Visiting Conditions</h3>
The Grand Kremlin Palace and the Faceted Chamber can be visited only as part of an organized guided tour booked in advance. Tour prices start at 5000 rubles, and the duration is about an hour and a half.

<strong>Important notes for visitors:</strong>
<ul><li>Tour dates and times may change due to official events</li>
<li>It is recommended to bring as few personal items as possible</li>
<li>Security screening includes several stages similar to airport checks</li>
<li>Photography is allowed only in selected ceremonial halls</li>
<li>St. Catherine’s Hall is closed to tourists</li></ul>
<h2>Modern Significance</h2>
Today, the Grand Kremlin Palace remains the main Moscow residence of the President of the Russian Federation. It hosts major state ceremonies, including the presidential inauguration in St. Andrew’s Hall, the awarding of state honors in St. George’s Hall, and official receptions and high-level negotiations.

The palace is not only an active government facility but also an invaluable monument of Russian architecture and a symbol of the historical continuity of Russian statehood. Despite being nearly two hundred years old, its majestic halls and splendid interiors continue to inspire admiration and awe.

Grand Kremlin Palace

The State Kremlin Palace is a unique cultural venue located in the very heart of the capital, within the Moscow Kremlin. For the older generation, this building is known as the Palace of Congresses, while for modern Russians it stands as a symbol of national cultural grandeur and a venue for major nationwide events.

<h2>History of the Architectural Masterpiece</h2>
Construction of the palace began in 1961 at the initiative of N.S. Khrushchev under the supervision of chief architect M.V. Posokhin. Soviet specialists faced a serious challenge — to create a grand structure without sufficient experience in designing similar complexes.

<h3>Studying Global Experience</h3>
To tackle technical challenges, special groups of architects and builders were sent on study trips:

<ul><li>FRG — to study modern construction technologies</li><li>USA — to analyze the architectural solutions of major cultural centers</li><li>China — to learn from experience in large-scale construction projects</li></ul>
The influence of foreign architecture is especially noticeable in the interior design of the main hall. Designers were inspired by the United Nations Assembly Hall in New York, adopting the trend of wooden slat wall finishing.

<h3>Project Authors and Architectural Solutions</h3>
The team of architects, including <strong>A.A. Mndoyants, E.N. Stamo, P.P. Shteller, and N.M. Shchepetilnikov</strong>, debated extensively over the building’s appearance. The final solution turned out to be ingenious — simple geometric forms without excessive decoration allowed the palace to blend harmoniously into the centuries-old architectural ensemble of the Moscow Kremlin.

<h2>Scale and Functionality of the Building</h2>
Upon completion, Russia gained a world-class cultural center comparable to legendary venues such as:

<ul><li>Carnegie Hall and Irving Plaza in New York</li><li>Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles</li><li>Olympia in Paris</li><li>Royal Shakespeare Theatre in Stratford</li><li>Stravinsky Hall in Montreux</li></ul>
<h3>Structure of the Kremlin Palace</h3>
Initially, the plan envisioned a hall for 4,000 seats, but the project expanded in scale. Functionally, the building is divided into several sections:

<strong>Concert Hall</strong> — seats 6,000 spectators and is equipped with state-of-the-art lighting and sound systems of world-class quality.<br>
<strong>Banquet Hall</strong> — located above the concert hall, it can accommodate up to 6,000 guests during ceremonial events.<br>
<strong>Government Area</strong> — a restricted section designed by KGB architect G.V. Makarevich.<br>
<strong>Winter Garden</strong> — the creation of architect K. Zakaryan, adding a unique atmosphere to the interior.

<h2>First Performances and Historical Significance</h2>
The first concert took place on October 17, 1961. The grand opening began with a festive program featuring the Bolshoi Theatre troupe performing an excerpt from <strong>Pyotr Tchaikovsky’s “Swan Lake.”</strong> After this milestone, and up until the early 1990s, the concert hall served as a second stage for the Bolshoi Theatre.

<h3>Stars on the GKD Stage</h3>
During the 1960s–1980s, the palace hosted outstanding Soviet ensembles and performers:

<ul><li>State Academic Folk Dance Ensemble led by I. Moiseyev</li><li>“Beryozka” Dance Ensemble</li><li>Pyatnitsky Choir</li><li>Maya Plisetskaya and Olga Lepeshinskaya</li><li>Tamara Sinyavskaya and Zurab Sotkilava</li><li>Alexander Vedernikov and Natalia Bessmertnova</li></ul>
<h2>The State Kremlin Palace Today</h2>
Today, the GKD remains the country’s leading concert venue, hosting only the most significant events. Being under the administration of the Presidential Office ensures strict program oversight and the highest level of security.

<h3>Kremlin Ballet</h3>
The palace serves as the home stage for the “Kremlin Ballet” theatre, which regularly presents classical performances:

<ol><li>“The Nutcracker” — a New Year’s fairy tale for the whole family</li><li>“Swan Lake” — the immortal classic by Pyotr Tchaikovsky</li><li>“La Bayadère” — an Eastern legend in ballet form</li><li>“Ruslan and Lyudmila” — a Russian epic opera</li></ol>
<h3>Cultural and Educational Events</h3>
The palace hosts a wide range of events combining culture, education, and public life:

<ul><li>New Year performances and graduation balls</li><li>Concerts commemorating Victory Day in the Great Patriotic War</li><li>Festive programs for Knowledge Day and Teacher’s Day</li><li>Celebrations for Mother’s Day and Children’s Day</li><li>Legal forums for practicing professionals</li><li>International forums and intergovernmental meetings</li></ul>
<h2>World-Class Technical Equipment</h2>
After a large-scale technical renovation, the GKD became an attractive venue for international stars who demand the highest sound and lighting quality. The hall is equipped with the latest systems that meet the most advanced global standards.

<h3>Legends of World Music on the Kremlin Stage</h3>
Thanks to its exceptional acoustics and technical excellence, the GKD stage has hosted legendary performers:

<ul><li>Joe Cocker — British rock legend</li><li>Chris Rea — master of blues and soft rock</li><li>Mireille Mathieu — French singer with a unique voice</li><li>Mark Knopfler — virtuoso guitarist and leader of Dire Straits</li><li>Gary Moore — king of blues-rock</li><li>George Benson — jazz guitarist and vocalist</li><li>Toni Braxton — seven-time Grammy Award winner</li><li>Lara Fabian — Belgian-Canadian singer</li><li>Cesária Évora — queen of African music</li><li>Paul Mauriat Orchestra — symbol of French light music</li></ul>

<h2>Recognition of Professional Mastery</h2>
For Russian and international artists alike, performing on the stage of the State Kremlin Palace is a <strong>mark of the highest professional recognition and a testament to popularity</strong> among audiences. Over five decades, the GKD’s artistic programs have written many vivid pages in the cultural chronicle of Russian art.

<h2>Accessibility for Visitors</h2>
The State Kremlin Palace is open to everyone. The building is fully equipped to accommodate people with disabilities, making cultural events accessible to all. Anyone can attend concerts, ballet performances, and ceremonies by purchasing tickets on the official website or at the palace box office.

<strong>Address:</strong> Moscow, Vozdvizhenka Street, 1<br>
<strong>Phone:</strong> +7 (495) 620-78-46<br>
<strong>Email:</strong> bilet-gkd@mail.ru

The State Kremlin Palace continues to stand as a symbol of Russia’s cultural grandeur — a meeting place of tradition and modernity, where every performance becomes an event of national significance.

State Kremlin Palace

The Great Moscow Circus on Vernadsky Avenue is one of the largest permanent circuses in the world. This unique building can accommodate over 3,000 spectators at once, and its technical equipment is unparalleled. Since its opening in 1971, the circus has been visited by more than 50 million people, making it a true symbol of the capital.

<h2>Location and Opening Hours</h2>
The circus is located at <strong>7 Vernadsky Avenue</strong> in the southwest part of Moscow. The ticket offices are open daily from 10:30 to 19:30, with a lunch break from 14:00 to 15:00. The nearest metro station is “Universitet” on the Sokolnicheskaya Line, from which the circus is a 5–10 minute walk.

<h2>History of the Unique Complex</h2>
<h3>Construction and Opening</h3>
The project for a permanent circus was developed in 1960 by a team of four architects led by <strong>Yakov Belopolsky</strong> and Yefim Vulykh. Construction of the glass-domed building with an area of 3,000 square meters took 11 years. The first performance took place on April 30, 1971, becoming a true celebration for Muscovites and a milestone in the history of Soviet circus art.

At the premiere, legends of the circus genre performed – <strong>Yuri Nikulin, Oleg Popov, and Mstislav Zapashny</strong>, along with numerous acrobats, gymnasts, and jugglers.

<h3>Modernization and Development</h3>
In the 1980s, the building underwent major modernization, significantly improving its technical equipment and audience comfort. In the early 1990s, the circus began to develop international partnerships, inviting outstanding foreign performers to collaborate.

<h2>Revolutionary Technical Equipment</h2>
<h3>Unique System of Interchangeable Arenas</h3>
The main innovation of the circus was a system designed by engineer Georgy Khromov consisting of five movable arenas located in a machinery hall 18 meters below ground. Thanks to this mechanism, the arena can transform within minutes:

<ul><li><strong>Equestrian arena</strong> – for performances with horses and other animals</li>
<li><strong>Ice arena</strong> – for skating acts</li>
<li><strong>Water arena</strong> – for aquatic performances</li>
<li><strong>Illusion arena</strong> – for magic and illusion shows</li>
<li><strong>Light arena</strong> – for light-and-music productions</li></ul>
This technology opens limitless possibilities for creating spectacular show programs and gives directors maximum creative freedom.

<h3>Modern Equipment</h3>
The construction incorporated advanced technologies: four film projectors, powerful xenon spotlights, and a complex lighting system. The dome reaches a height of 26 meters, allowing for the most ambitious aerial acts.

<h2>Auditorium and Seating Layout</h2>
The amphitheater seats <strong>3,287 spectators</strong> and is divided into six sectors (A, B, C, D, E, F) and two boxes. Each sector has 22 rows, while the boxes have 2 rows each. An orchestra pit is located between the boxes.

The best view is from sectors A and E – the largest ones facing the arena directly. The acoustics are excellent throughout the hall thanks to its well-designed architecture.

<h2>Ticket Prices</h2>
Ticket prices range from <strong>1,000 to 7,000 rubles</strong> depending on the seat location. The most affordable tickets are in the 22nd row, while premium-category seats are in the boxes. Prices may vary even within the same row across different sectors.

Tickets can be purchased on the official website greatcircus.ru or by phone at +7 (495) 9-300-300, with delivery available.

<h2>Playbill and Performances</h2>
<h3>Program Variety</h3>
Over more than half a century, more than one hundred unique shows have been staged at the circus with captivating titles such as “Golden Kaleidoscope,” “Larible,” and “Cosmic Takeoff.” Each show is a carefully directed performance involving a team of directors, choreographers, designers, and sound engineers.

Popular productions usually run for 2–3 months, allowing as many spectators as possible to attend. Every six months, the circus stages more than 100 performances.

<h3>“Idol” Festival</h3>
Every year, the circus hosts the international circus art festival <strong>“Idol”</strong>, where artists from various countries compete in skill. The program includes acrobatics, illusion acts, clown performances, and animal shows. Winners are chosen by both a professional jury and the audience. The final gala show brings together the festival’s most impressive acts.

<h2>Circus Stars</h2>
The arena of the Great Moscow Circus hosts world-class performers. Since 2012, the institution has been directed by the <strong>Zapashny brothers</strong> – representatives of a renowned circus dynasty who are also the main producers of acts with wild animals.

Among the troupe’s stars are Daria Purchinskaya, Pavel Putilov, and many other masters of the circus genre. Circus artists Askold Zapashny and Andrey Sharnin served as consultants and performers for the closing ceremony of the Sochi Olympics, presenting authentic Russian circus art to the world.

<h2>Behind-the-Scenes Tours</h2>
The circus offers a unique opportunity to peek behind the scenes of circus art. Tours are held on Wednesdays at 17:00 and Sundays at 11:00, with individual scheduling available upon request.

The tour program includes visits to:

<ul><li>The rehearsal arena, where artists refine their skills</li>
<li>The administrative building</li>
<li>The costume workshops</li>
<li>The stables with trained horses</li>
<li>The machinery area housing the arena-changing mechanisms</li></ul>
The tour lasts about 45 minutes and costs 1,500 rubles. The route may vary depending on the rehearsal schedule.

<h2>Interesting Facts about the Circus</h2>
<ul><li>The circus is listed in the <strong>Guinness World Records</strong> for audience attendance</li>
<li>The building is one of the largest circuses in the world in terms of technical equipment and production scale</li>
<li>A city legend says that during construction, a worker accidentally left a tool in the foundation, which was never found. It is believed to bring good luck to all performances</li>
<li>In 2012, the Zapashny brothers attempted to save the Danish giraffe Marius, sparking international attention and demonstrating the humane spirit of the Russian circus school toward animals</li></ul>
<h2>How to Get to the Circus</h2>
<h3>By Metro</h3>
The <strong>“Universitet”</strong> station on the Sokolnicheskaya (red) line is a 5-minute walk from the circus. It is a deep-level station with heavy passenger traffic; the escalator ride takes 5–7 minutes.

<h3>By Ground Transport</h3>
Many buses and trams stop at “Universitet Metro Station.” From the stop, walk along Lomonosovsky Avenue to the turn onto Vernadsky Avenue.

<h3>By Car or Taxi</h3>
There is convenient parking near the circus building. All major taxi services are available, including Yandex.Go and others.

<h3>On Foot</h3>
From Moscow State University or the Botanical Garden – 2.5 km (about 30 minutes on foot along Lomonosovsky Avenue). From the observation deck on Sparrow Hills – roughly the same distance. The Armen Dzhigarkhanyan Theatre is 600 meters away (a 10-minute walk).

<h2>Why Visit the Great Moscow Circus</h2>
The Great Moscow Circus on Vernadsky Avenue is not just an entertainment venue but a true temple of circus art. A professional world-class troupe, unique technical capabilities, and the chance to see the legendary Zapashny dynasty performers make a visit to the circus an unforgettable experience for both children and adults.

Each performance is a synthesis of mastery, advanced technology, and creative inspiration. More than 50 million spectators have already experienced the grandeur of this venue. Join them and discover the magical world of circus art!

Great Moscow Circus

The Polytechnic Museum is a landmark for everyone interested in science and technology. Founded back in 1872, it became the first public museum in the capital and remains one of the largest science and technology centers in the world. Here, the past meets the future, and visitors of all ages can immerse themselves in the fascinating world of scientific discoveries and technological achievements.

<h2>How the Museum Was Created: A Journey of a Century and a Half</h2>
The birth of the Polytechnic Museum is linked to the work of prominent Russian scientists. In December 1872, the Museum of Applied Knowledge opened — that was its original name. <strong>The project was initiated by</strong> Professor of Geology Grigory Shchurovsky, anthropologist Anatoly Bogdanov, and other members of the Moscow University academic community.

The first exhibits were displayed in a rented mansion on Prechistenka Street. However, just five years later, in 1877, the museum moved into a purpose-built building on Novaya Square. Interestingly, construction took place in stages — the central section was completed first, while the left wing with the famous Great Auditorium appeared only by 1907.

<h3>The Great Auditorium: The Heart of the Museum</h3>
The Great Auditorium quickly became one of Moscow’s main intellectual venues. <strong>Among those who spoke here</strong> were Nobel laureates Ilya Mechnikov and Niels Bohr; it hosted scientific demonstrations and experiments. The hall gained special fame for its poetry evenings, where Vladimir Mayakovsky, Sergei Yesenin, Velimir Khlebnikov, and Valery Bryusov read their works.

<h3>The Museum in the Soviet Era</h3>
With the advent of Soviet power, the museum’s priorities changed. Exhibits began to reflect the achievements of Soviet industry, and educational centers were opened to improve professional qualifications. A major milestone came in 1988, when the Polytechnic Museum was granted the status of the country’s main museum of the history of science and technology.

<h2>Major Reconstruction of the Historic Building</h2>
In early 2013, the building on Novaya Square closed for major restoration. Initially, the work was planned to be completed by 2021, but the complexity of the project and the COVID-19 pandemic postponed the completion to 2025.

<strong>The reconstruction project envisions</strong> a radical transformation of the museum:

<ul><li>The surrounding area will feature landscaped gardens</li><li>An innovative transparent film roof will be added</li><li>An underground floor will be constructed</li><li>The building will regain its original pre-revolutionary gallery-style appearance</li></ul>
In 2019, the renovated façade was unveiled, and a museum park with an amphitheater and connecting zones was created around it.

<h2>What You Can See in the Museum Today</h2>
The Polytechnic Museum’s collection numbers over 200,000 exhibits. It covers a wide range of fields, from mining and metallurgy to radio electronics and computing.

<h3>The “Open Collection” Exhibition at Technopolis</h3>
While the main building is under reconstruction, the main exhibition is located in the former Moskvich factory — within the <strong>“Technopolis Moscow”</strong> complex on Volgogradsky Prospekt. Here you can find:

<ul><li>Vintage cameras and telegraph devices</li><li>The first computing machines</li><li>Rare vehicles</li><li>Miniature models of industrial enterprises</li><li>A collection dedicated to space exploration</li></ul>
<strong>Among the unique exhibits</strong> are the only surviving car from the Russian Empire era, the first Soviet portable tape recorder not requiring mains power, and mid-19th-century mechanical clocks showing time across all world time zones using just two dials.

<h3>Ilyinsky Square: An Open-Air Museum</h3>
Opposite the historic building lies Ilyinsky Square, where temporary exhibitions are held. Glass showcases display archival documents, photographs, and other exhibits. The square is open around the clock, and entry is free.

<h3>The Polytechnic Library</h3>
The museum’s library was founded more than 150 years ago and today holds the country’s largest collection of scientific and technical literature. <strong>The collection contains</strong> 3.5 million items published from the 16th to the 21st century in various languages. Since 1921, it has received a copy of every Russian scientific publication on natural science and technology.

<h2>Visitor Information</h2>
<h3>Ticket Prices</h3>
Visits to the “Open Collection” exhibition are only available as part of a guided tour. Tickets can be booked on the museum’s official website.

<strong>Ticket prices:</strong>
<ul><li>Adult ticket — 400 rubles</li><li>Discounted ticket (children under 18, students, pensioners, members of large families) — 200 rubles</li></ul>
Payment is accepted via the <strong>Pushkin Card</strong>. Free admission is available for children under 7, persons with disabilities and their companions, conscripts, combat veterans, and journalists.

<h3>Opening Hours</h3>
The “Open Collection” exhibition welcomes visitors:

<ul><li>Tuesday — open</li><li>Wednesday — open</li><li>Thursday — open</li><li>Saturday and Sunday — open</li><li>Monday and Friday — closed</li></ul>
Specific opening hours depend on the tour schedule — please check the museum’s website for current information.

<h2>How to Get to the Polytechnic Museum</h2>
<h3>To the Exhibition at Technopolis “Moscow”</h3>
<strong>Address:</strong> 42 Volgogradsky Prospekt, Building 5 (entrance through checkpoint No. 4). The exhibitions are located on the second floor.

<strong>Transport options:</strong>

<ol><li>By metro — Tekstilshchiki Station, 5 minutes on foot from the exit</li><li>By bus — routes No. 161, 438, 703, c790 to “Tekstilshchiki Metro” stop</li><li>By car — paid parking is available along Kolomnikova and Shosseynaya Streets</li></ol>
<h3>To Ilyinsky Square</h3>
<strong>Nearest metro stations:</strong> Kitay-Gorod and Lubyanka. You can also get there by buses No. e30, m40, e70 to the “Kitay-Gorod Metro” stop. Paid parking is available at Slavyanskaya Square.

<h2>What Else Makes the Polytechnic Museum Special</h2>
The Polytechnic is more than just a collection of historical exhibits. It actively develops as a modern cultural and educational space. <strong>It regularly hosts:</strong>

<ul><li>Scientific lectures and discussions with leading scholars</li><li>Workshops for children and adults</li><li>Creative experiments and science shows</li><li>Annual festivals of science, technology, and art</li><li>Educational programs for schoolchildren and students</li></ul>
The Polytechnic Museum continues to fulfill its historical mission — making science accessible and understandable to a wide audience. Visiting this place offers a unique opportunity to trace the evolution of scientific thought, see how technology has changed over the centuries, and glimpse the future of scientific and technological progress.

The museum remains a living organism that adapts to modern challenges without losing touch with its historical roots. After the completion of reconstruction in 2025, the Polytechnic Museum promises to become an even more impressive space where tradition meets innovation, and visitors can gain a new perspective on the role of science in our lives.


Polytechnic Museum

The Armoury Chamber of the Moscow Kremlin is a unique state treasury that houses priceless artifacts of Russian history. The museum occupies a majestic building erected specifically for storing royal relics in the mid-19th century. The collection numbers over four thousand exhibits, including ancient Russian and European weapons, precious regalia of monarchs, church relics, and luxurious items of ceremonial decoration.

<h2>History of the Treasury Museum</h2>
The foundation of the Armoury Chamber dates back to the 16th century, when the Armoury Department operated at the royal court. Initially, the institution truly served as a storage place for royal weapons, which determined its name. However, under Peter the Great, the chamber’s function transformed — it became a division of the state treasury, where the most valuable items from royal and patriarchal storages were brought.

<strong>The modern museum building</strong> was designed by the prominent architect Konstantin Thon and completed in 1851. It forms part of a single architectural ensemble with the Grand Kremlin Palace, executed in a solemn Russo-Byzantine style. Since 1960, the Armoury Chamber has officially been part of the Moscow Kremlin State Museums.

<h2>Structure of the Museum Exhibition</h2>
The permanent exhibition is located in nine thematic halls on two floors of the historic building. Visitors can explore various collections:

<ul><li>Works of Russian and foreign jewelers in gold and silver</li>
<li>Examples of weaponry craftsmanship from Russia, Europe, and the East</li>
<li>Precious fabrics and ceremonial garments of the imperial family</li>
<li>State regalia and symbols of power of Russian autocrats</li>
<li>Horse harnesses and ceremonial riding accessories</li>
<li>Royal carriages and coaches from different eras</li></ul>
Additional exhibitions are periodically held in the museum’s Grand Vestibule, where thematic displays take place. The current schedule is always available on the institution’s official website.

<h2>Outstanding Exhibits of the Armoury Chamber</h2>
The museum’s collection allows one to trace the development of Russian statehood from the 12th to the early 20th century. Below are some of the most significant artifacts of the treasury.

<h3>The Chainmail of Boyar Shuisky</h3>
<strong>Hall No. 1</strong> features unique protective armor belonging to the voivode of Ivan the Terrible’s era — Pyotr Shuisky. The woven shirt consists of sixteen thousand iron rings and weighs over eleven kilograms. After the first owner’s death, the chainmail was granted by the Tsar to the legendary conqueror of Siberia, ataman Yermak Timofeyevich. After Yermak’s death, the armor returned to the state treasury and later became part of the museum collection.

<h3>Chalice of the 13th Century</h3>
A large silver church chalice decorated with gilded medallions depicting saints. Scholars date the relic to the 13th century and associate its creation with masters of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality. The piece was likely commissioned by Prince Yuri Vsevolodovich, grandson of Moscow’s founder Yuri Dolgorukiy. For centuries, the chalice was used in the Transfiguration Cathedral of Pereslavl-Zalessky for liturgies and became part of the Kremlin collection in 1930.

<h3>The Great Zion of the Assumption Cathedral</h3>
This sacred church vessel is a miniature model of an Orthodox temple, intended to hold the Holy Gifts. It was created in 1486 by order of Grand Prince Ivan III for ceremonial services in the Kremlin’s main cathedral. The relic is made of gilded silver and adorned with finely carved figures of the twelve apostles.

<h3>The Osten-Sacken Weapon Set</h3>
<strong>Hall No. 3</strong> houses a unique set crafted by French gunsmith Nicolas Noël Boutet. The set was presented to Russian Prince Fabian Osten-Sacken by the grateful citizens of Paris in 1814. After Napoleon’s defeat, the prince served as the city’s governor-general and earned the respect of Parisians for his fairness. In 1835, he donated the precious set to the museum. It includes a double-barreled rifle, a pair of pistols, weapon care accessories, and a luxurious sword with a lapis lazuli handle inlaid with diamonds.

<h3>The Feudal Cup with an Eagle Figure</h3>
This gilded table ornament was cast in Germany in the mid-16th century and originally belonged to Danish King Christian IV. In 1628, the rare item was acquired for Russian Tsar Mikhail Fyodorovich. The eagle figure is crafted with remarkable precision — every feather is visible. The pedestal is decorated with miniature depictions of insects and amphibians, made by pouring metal into molds of real creatures.

<h3>The Coronation Mantle of the Empress</h3>
<strong>Hall No. 6</strong> displays the luxurious robe of Alexandra Fyodorovna, wife of the last Russian Emperor. She wore it during the coronation of Nicholas II in May 1896. The mantle, made of ermine fur with a long train, required eight hundred Siberian pelts. Its pattern consists of double-headed eagles arranged in a checkerboard layout. Over the mantle, the empress wore a silver brocade gown embroidered with pearls by the nuns of the Ivanovsky Convent.

<h3>The Monomakh’s Cap — Symbol of Tsarist Power</h3>
<strong>Hall No. 7</strong> presents one of the most famous relics of Russian history. This ancient headdress served as the main attribute of the coronation ceremony from the 16th to the late 17th century. It was worn by all rulers — from Ivan the Terrible to Ivan Alekseyevich. During later coronations, the regalia occupied a place of honor as a symbol of dynastic continuity.

The artifact’s origin is shrouded in legend. According to the 16th-century treatise “The Tale of the Princes of Vladimir,” the headdress was gifted to Russian Prince Vladimir Monomakh by Byzantine Emperor Constantine IX. This version reinforced the concept of Moscow as the heir to Byzantium and the new center of Orthodox civilization. The cap is adorned with sapphires, emeralds, and rubies, yet weighs less than a kilogram — only 994 grams.

<h3>The Crown of Anna Ioannovna</h3>
This imperial crown was created in 1730 in the court workshop under jeweler Samson Larionov. It consists of two gilded hemispheres connected by a hoop and decorated with 2,500 diamonds, rubies, and tourmalines. Of special note is the 100-gram tourmaline beneath the cross. The crown was used during Nicholas I’s coronation in Warsaw and is depicted on the Great Coat of Arms of the Russian Empire.

<h3>The Double Throne of the Co-Ruling Tsars</h3>
This unique throne was crafted by Kremlin masters in 1682 for the simultaneous rule of two young tsars — eleven-year-old Peter (the future Emperor) and his fifteen-year-old half-brother Ivan. After the death of the childless Tsar Fyodor Alekseyevich, Patriarch Joachim proposed crowning both heirs.

The throne is richly decorated with symbols of power: double-headed eagles and crowns. Researchers believe that some elements were borrowed from the throne of the first Romanov Tsar, Mikhail Fyodorovich. Behind the throne’s backrest is a small hidden compartment, where, according to one version, an advisor sat, prompting the young rulers with answers during audiences with foreign envoys.

<h3>The Feather Aigrette with Yellow Sapphire</h3>
<strong>Hall No. 8</strong> exhibits a jeweled horse harness ornament presented to Empress Catherine II by Turkish Sultan Abdul Hamid in 1775. The gift was made after the signing of the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca, which ended the Russo-Turkish War.

The gold ornament is encrusted with diamonds of various sizes, and at its center shines a rare rectangular yellow sapphire. When viewed from different angles, the stone shimmers with hues up to deep orange. Horse adornments held special importance at the imperial court, as every royal procession was meant to display the power of the empire.

<h3>The Carriage of Empress Elizabeth</h3>
<strong>Hall No. 9</strong> features a luxurious mid-18th-century coach — a gift from Count Kirill Razumovsky to Empress Elizabeth Petrovna. The carriage was crafted by the finest French artisans of the time. Its entirely gilded body is adorned with ornate Rococo carvings reminiscent of sea waves.

The coach also boasted technical innovations: the design included springs and a turning circle, ensuring smooth movement and easy handling. The interior comfortably accommodated four passengers.

<h2>Visitor Information</h2>
<h3>Opening Hours and Visiting Details</h3>
The museum is open from Friday to Wednesday. Thursday is a day off. Visits take place in sessions beginning at 10:00, 12:00, 14:30, and 16:30. Each session lasts one and a half hours.

<strong>Entrance to the Armoury Chamber</strong> is through the Kremlin’s Borovitskaya Gate. As the area is a restricted zone, a security check is required. Visitors are advised to arrive at least thirty minutes before their scheduled session.

To preserve the unique exhibits, photography and video recording are prohibited inside the museum. Free audio guides are available upon presentation of a passport or a refundable deposit.

<h3>Ticket Prices</h3>
<ul><li>Adult ticket — 1000 rubles</li>
<li>Discounted ticket for students and pensioners — 500 rubles</li>
<li>Free admission for children under 16</li>
<li>Every second Tuesday of the month — free entry for minors and members of large families</li></ul>
The number of tickets per session is limited, so it is recommended to purchase them in advance on the museum’s official website.

<h3>How to Get to the Museum</h3>
The best way is by metro. Within walking distance of the Armoury Chamber are the stations:

<ul><li>“Borovitskaya”</li>
<li>“Biblioteka imeni Lenina”</li>
<li>“Aleksandrovsky Sad”</li>
<li>“Arbatskaya”</li>
<li>“Okhotny Ryad”</li>
<li>“Ploshchad Revolyutsii”</li></ul>
If traveling by surface transport, exit at the stops “Borovitskaya Square” or “Metro ‘Biblioteka imeni Lenina’.”

Thanks to the museum’s central location, a visit to the Armoury Chamber can be conveniently combined with a walk around Red Square and Moscow’s historic center.

<h2>Additional Opportunities</h2>
Adjacent to the Armoury Chamber is the Diamond Fund of the Russian Federation, which houses the imperial crown, the legendary diamonds “Shah” and “Orlov,” and other unique jewels. Visiting the Diamond Fund requires a separate ticket.

The museum offers general and themed tours for adult and children’s groups. Tours can be booked by phone or through the official website. Prices range from 400 to 4000 rubles depending on group size.

All museum halls are equipped for comfortable visits by people with disabilities. Each exhibit is accompanied by detailed explanatory labels.

<h2>Conclusion</h2>
The Armoury Chamber of the Moscow Kremlin is a unique treasury of Russian history and culture. The museum’s collection impresses not only with its abundance of gold and precious stones but also with the historical significance of each exhibit. Here are concentrated the main regalia of Tsarist Russia, bearing witness to the key events in the nation’s history.

A visit to the Armoury Chamber is a journey through centuries of Russian history — from ancient principalities to imperial Russia. Each artifact is not only a work of art but also a vessel of historical memory, linked with the destinies of rulers and pivotal events.

For the most complete experience and deeper immersion in the grandeur of Russian statehood, it is recommended to visit the museum with a professional guide. This ensures no important details are missed and allows for a richer understanding of the royal treasures.

Armoury Chamber

The main treasury of Russia preserves unique precious stones and jewelry masterpieces found nowhere else in the world. The collection has been carefully assembled since the 18th century and continues to grow to this day. This exhibition includes imperial regalia, the rarest diamonds, and works of jewelry art, each possessing immense historical and artistic value.

<h2>History of the Diamond Fund</h2>
<h3>Foundation of the Collection under Peter I</h3>
<strong>It all began with the royal decree of 1719</strong>, when Peter I established a special chamber for storing state treasures—the Diamond Room in St. Petersburg. The emperor instituted the strictest rules for safeguarding the valuables: they were kept under three locks, with three of his closest associates each holding a key. Access to the treasures was granted only by Peter I’s personal order.

A specially developed regulation stipulated that the most valuable items, especially coronation regalia, belonged to the state and had to be kept in the treasury. The Chamber College strictly monitored compliance with these rules, and the boyars guarding the treasury were personally responsible for the treasures with their lives.

<h3>Expansion of the Collection in the 18th–19th Centuries</h3>
The period following Peter I’s death until the late 18th century was marked by the reign of women, which significantly influenced the imperial treasury’s composition. <strong>The imperial collection grew endlessly with luxurious jewelry</strong> during the reigns of Elizabeth Petrovna and Catherine II. The Swiss craftsman Jérémie Pauzié was especially favored at court and was commissioned to create the Great Imperial Crown for Catherine II’s coronation in 1762.

<h3>Evacuation and the Soviet Period</h3>
When World War I began, the treasures were moved from St. Petersburg to the Moscow Kremlin and placed in the Armoury Chamber. After the 1917 Revolution, the collection expanded significantly through the confiscation of imperial jewels from palaces.

<strong>The first Moscow exhibition of the Diamond Fund was held in 1936</strong>. The main exhibits were imperial jewels from the Diamond Cabinet of the Winter Palace. Unfortunately, little remains of the original collection: of more than three thousand items, only 109 survived, and of 13 royal diadems, only one remains. Historians report that much of the treasure was sold abroad in the 1920s–1930s to purchase machinery for the new Soviet state.

The collection continued to grow during the USSR era. In the 1950s, a major diamond deposit was discovered in Yakutia, and the Yakut stones proved so large that many took places of honor in the Diamond Fund.

<h3>Modern Exhibition</h3>
The exhibition of treasures, which opened in the Armoury Chamber building in 1967 to mark the 50th anniversary of Soviet power, was originally intended to last one year. However, public interest was so great that it was decided to make it permanent. Over the next 40 years, around 4 million people visited the Diamond Fund of the Moscow Kremlin.

Today, the Diamond Fund is part of Gokhran of Russia—the institution responsible for the accounting, safekeeping, and management of precious metals, stones, and jewelry.

<h2>Exhibits of the Diamond Fund</h2>
It is impossible to see all the treasures: most remain in closed vaults. Visitors are allowed into only two halls, but even that is enough to make one’s head spin from the brilliance of the jewels.

<h3>Exhibition Structure</h3>
The Diamond Fund includes several sections:

<ul><li>Imperial regalia of the Romanov dynasty</li>
<li>Orders adorned with precious stones</li>
<li>Jewelry of the 18th–19th centuries</li>
<li>Works by modern craftsmen</li>
<li>The largest gold and platinum nuggets</li>
<li>Uncut Yakut diamonds</li>
<li>Ural gemstones</li>
<li>Clothing decorated with jewels</li></ul>
<strong>The exhibits are housed in two halls</strong>. The first features gemstones from the former Soviet Union, a diamond map of Russia, giant diamonds, cutting techniques, and modern jewelry art. At the center are gold and platinum nuggets. The second hall is devoted to historical treasures.

<h2>Symbols of Imperial Power</h2>
<strong>The centerpiece among the regalia is the Great Imperial Crown</strong>, made for Catherine II in just two months. It is adorned with nearly 5,000 diamonds, 75 Indian matte pearls, and an enormous dark red spinel weighing 398.72 carats, one of seven historic gems in the Diamond Fund. The crown’s lower circumference is 64 cm, height with cross 27.5 cm, and weight 2 kg.

Other key imperial symbols include the <strong>golden orb set with a large Ceylon sapphire</strong> weighing 200 carats and an Indian diamond of 42.92 carats, and the <strong>scepter with the famous Orlov diamond</strong>. The orb is a smooth polished sphere wrapped with a diamond garland, weighing 861 grams and measuring 24 cm with its cross.

The Orlov diamond, weighing 189.62 carats, was presented to the Empress by Count Orlov on her name day. These three relics—a white diamond in the scepter, a blue sapphire in the orb, and a crimson spinel in the crown—symbolize the colors of the Russian flag.

<h2>Breast Badge “Persona”</h2>
One of the oldest exhibits in the Diamond Fund dates back to the late 17th century. For Peter I’s trip to Europe, a series of breast badges featuring the emperor’s portrait in colored enamel on gold was created. <strong>These badges became prototypes for the first orders</strong>—used by the Tsar to reward special merit.

Only four such badges survive today: one in a private collection and the others in the Diamond Fund, the State Historical Museum, and the Moscow Kremlin Museum.

<h2>The Seven Great Historical Stones</h2>
Three diamonds and four gemstones are considered the pride of the Diamond Fund. Two—the Orlov diamond and the giant spinel—adorn the scepter and the Great Imperial Crown. The remaining five rival them in splendor.

<h3>The Shah Diamond</h3>
This gem from India has survived almost uncut. Three inscriptions in Persian bear the names of its owners. It was brought to Russia in 1829 as a gift to Emperor Nicholas I. Weighing 88 carats, it is one of the oldest Indian diamonds.

<h3>The Portrait Diamond</h3>
A unique flat diamond weighing 25 carats, so transparent it resembles glass more than a gemstone. <strong>The diamond is set in the center of a Gothic-style gold bracelet</strong>, with a miniature portrait of Emperor Alexander I beneath it. It is the largest portrait diamond of exceptional clarity in the world.

<h3>Emerald and Sapphire</h3>
Another star of the collection is a large bright green emerald weighing over 136 carats, set in a brooch framed with diamond vine leaves.

The giant Ceylon sapphire is among the largest in the world. Alexander II purchased it in London for his wife; Russian jewelers later set it in a diamond-studded brooch. <strong>The sapphire, weighing around 260 carats, is unique not only for its size but also for its cut</strong>—its vivid blue hue is accentuated by over 100 facets.

<h3>Peridot</h3>
The olive-green peridot was found on an island in the Red Sea. It is said to be unmatched in clarity and color saturation. Legend has it that Emperor Nero watched the fire of burning Rome through this gemstone because of its exceptional transparency.

<h2>Gold Nuggets</h2>
<strong>The diversity of gold nugget shapes is mesmerizing</strong>. The nine-kilogram “Camel” nugget vaguely resembles a desert ship, while the 20-gram “Mephistopheles” strikingly resembles Goethe’s Faust character—hence the name.

The largest of the gold nuggets is the “Great Triangle,” weighing 36 kilograms. Interestingly, nuggets in the Diamond Fund collection remain there forever and cannot be recycled. Even when new, more impressive finds appear, their predecessors retain their exclusive status.

<h2>The “26th CPSU Congress” Diamond</h2>
The largest diamond in the collection was mined in the “Mir” kimberlite pipe in Yakutia in 1981. <strong>The large light-yellow gem weighing 342.5 carats became one of the world’s largest diamonds</strong>. It was named in honor of the 26th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union held that year.

In the mid-20th century, the Diamond Fund received several large, uniquely shaped and colored named diamonds discovered in Yakutia: “Creator,” “Star of Yakutia,” “Maria,” “Miner,” and others.

<h2>The “Russian Field” Diadem</h2>
The original of this piece was lost—officially sold abroad after the Revolution when the young Soviet state needed funds to buy machinery for new factories.

Decades later, in the 1980s, it was decided to recreate the diadem from surviving sketches. An artist from Gokhran was even sent to India to select matching stones.

An interesting story is connected with this diadem. One day, a visitor from Austria stopped by the Diamond Fund display and exclaimed, “Well made! But the original is in my possession!”

<h2>“Caesar’s Ruby”</h2>
A pendant with a large crimson stone shaped like a grape cluster—one of the brightest exhibits. <strong>Despite its name, it is not a ruby but a rubellite, a rare tourmaline variety</strong>, and Julius Caesar had nothing to do with it.

The gem was brought to Russia by King Gustav III of Sweden as a gift to Catherine II. According to legend, he told the Empress that in Sweden, it was called “Caesar’s Ruby” because it supposedly once belonged to Caesar, gifted to him by Cleopatra.

In fact, the stone’s documented history begins in the 16th century. It was long kept in the treasury of the King of Bohemia, later moved to Sweden, and finally reached Russia.

For many years, the gem was called the largest ruby in Europe because of its color. Russian mineralogist A. E. Fersman disproved this by proving its true nature.

<h2>Diadem of Empress Maria Feodorovna</h2>
An exquisite 19th-century jewel belonging to the wife of Paul I. The diadem, shaped like a triangular kokoshnik, impresses not by the size of its gems but by its refined beauty and elegance.

<strong>The ornament is encrusted with diamonds of various shapes and cuts</strong>, some of which are movable, trembling and shimmering with the slightest motion of the head. A rare pale pink diamond shines in the center.

<h2>Diamond Brooch “Rose”</h2>
A unique exhibit inspired by a flower forgotten on a park bench. The brooch was crafted in 1970 based on two photographs of imperial jewelry. The jeweler aimed to create not just a brooch but a lifelike flower.

Workshop staff repeatedly brought him roses and even whole bouquets, but none suited. <strong>He finally found “the one” flower by chance on a bench in Moscow’s Filevsky Park</strong>.

Its uniqueness lies not only in the story. The brooch is made of gold, platinum, and 1,466 tiny diamonds. The flower is attached to its stem by an invisible spring, and even the slightest movement makes a cloud of diamond sparks flare around it.

<h2>Order of the Golden Fleece</h2>
An unusual decoration in the shape of a flower and a ram. This exquisite order is made of gold, diamonds, and rare rose-lilac Brazilian topazes. Such hues are achieved through heat treatment.

The owner of the order is unknown. Some believe it may have belonged to Emperor Alexander I, though mineralogist A. E. Fersman, judging by the gem cutting, dated it to the mid-19th century and suggested it could have belonged to Alexander II or Alexander III.

<h2>Order of St. Andrew the First-Called</h2>
Founded by Peter I in 1698, this was the highest award of the Russian Empire, given for military and civil merit. <strong>The order consists of a cross, a star, and a ribbon</strong>, and for ceremonial occasions—a chain. The exhibit on display is made of gold and richly adorned with gemstones.

<h2>Diamond Port-Bouquet</h2>
This miniature brooch, made around 1770, served not only as jewelry but as a tiny vase for flowers. Its stems are gold, covered with green enamel, and tied with a large diamond-studded bow.

<strong>The brooch, shaped like a small vase, was pinned to clothing with pins</strong>. The top opening was meant for inserting a tiny bouquet of fresh flowers.

<h2>Pandora Doll’s Hat</h2>
A miniature brooch replicating a fashionable women’s hat of the 1770s. The elegant hat, striped with bright red rubies and diamonds, is adorned with an emerald bow and a laurel branch with green enamel.

The piece’s name has an interesting origin. Before fashion magazines appeared in Russia in the late 18th century, ladies used special dolls to select their outfits. <strong>New models and jewelry were fitted on these dolls</strong> before being ordered from jewelers and ateliers. This practice often cost their husbands a fortune—hence the dolls were nicknamed “Pandoras,” after the Greek beauty who brought ruin to men.

<h2>The Great Bouquet</h2>
A luxurious adornment created in 1760 for the corsage of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna’s gown. Made of diamonds and emeralds, it represents a masterpiece of 18th-century jewelry art.

<h2>How to Visit the Diamond Fund</h2>
<h3>Location and Access</h3>
The exhibition is located in the Armoury Chamber on the grounds of the Moscow Kremlin. To enter, visitors must first pass security at the Kutafya or Borovitskaya Tower, then proceed to the Armoury Chamber.

<strong>Nearest metro stations</strong>: Biblioteka Imeni Lenina, Borovitskaya, Arbatskaya, and Aleksandrovsky Sad. The latter is the closest to the ticket office.

You can also use surface transport: take a bus to “Borovitskaya Square,” “Lenin Library,” or “Bolshoy Kamenny Bridge,” then walk 5–10 minutes.

<h3>Visiting Rules</h3>
<ul><li>Entry is allowed only with organized groups of up to 20 people; individual tours are not possible</li>
<li>The tour lasts 45–50 minutes</li>
<li>Tours start every 20 minutes</li>
<li>Arrive 10–15 minutes before your scheduled time</li>
<li>Security checks at the Kremlin gate take about 30 minutes</li>
<li>Photography and video recording are prohibited</li>
<li>This ban includes both professional cameras and phones</li>
<li>Sound on mobile devices must be turned off</li>
<li>Photo/video equipment and metal objects are not allowed</li>
<li>Large bags must be left in storage, outerwear in the cloakroom</li></ul>
<h3>Ticket Purchase</h3>
Tickets can be obtained in several ways:
<ol><li>At the exhibition ticket office: Moscow, Aleksandrovsky Sad, Manezhnaya Street, property 2–10, building 3</li>
<li>Reserve on the official Gokhran website up to 34 days in advance</li>
<li>Through travel agencies as part of guided groups</li></ol>
Electronic tickets must be exchanged for paper ones at the ticket office. A passport is required for purchase. Reserved tickets must be collected on the day of the visit at least one hour before the tour; otherwise, the reservation is canceled.

<h3>Ticket Prices</h3>
<ul><li>Regular ticket — 800 rubles</li>
<li>Discounted ticket for students, schoolchildren, and pensioners with valid ID — 100 rubles</li>
<li>Children under 7 years — free admission</li></ul>
<h3>Opening Hours</h3>
<strong>Ticket offices</strong> operate from 09:00 to 16:30, with a break from 12:00 to 13:00. Tickets are sold daily except Thursday and holidays.

<strong>The Diamond Fund</strong> is open from 10:00 to 18:15, with a break from 13:00 to 14:00. The last entry is at 17:20. Open Friday through Wednesday; Thursday is closed.

During holidays and weekends, demand for tours rises sharply, and the schedule may vary. Check the official Gokhran website for current information.

<h3>Excursion Combo</h3>
You can book an excursion combo—for example, visit the Diamond Fund with a Moscow guide. The tour usually includes not only the treasury but also a walk through Alexander Garden or other Kremlin attractions.

<h2>Conclusion</h2>
The Diamond Fund of Russia is a collection of jewelry masterpieces, rare gemstones, and precious metal nuggets. The abundance and brilliance of jewels make a dazzling impression. A massive sapphire, a portrait diamond, a movable brooch flower, imperial regalia—the list of magnificent exhibits goes on.

<strong>Each piece holds immense historical and artistic value</strong>, together forming one of the world’s greatest collections. The unique exhibition, which opened in the Moscow Kremlin’s Armoury Chamber over half a century ago, has a history closely intertwined with that of Russia itself.

It’s best to see these treasures with your own eyes—perhaps during a Kremlin tour or a walk around Moscow with a local guide. The Diamond Fund is not just a museum but a living testament to the grandeur of Russian history, the artistry of jewelers through the ages, and the country’s natural wealth.

Diamond Fund

The State Tretyakov Gallery on Krymsky Val is a unique cultural space that houses the most comprehensive collection of Russian art from the past century. The museum complex showcases the evolution of artistic movements from the revolutionary avant-garde to the experiments of contemporary masters. Visitors can trace the creative pursuits of outstanding painters, sculptors, and graphic artists who worked during pivotal moments in Russian history.

<h2>History of the Museum Complex</h2>
The territory of today’s Museon Park began attracting the attention of city authorities in the 1920s. Initially, it was planned to organize an agricultural exhibition and expand the recreation zone, connecting Gorky Park with Neskuchny Garden. In 1937, the idea arose to build a Palace of Arts, but just a year later priorities changed — it was decided to construct a building for the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, which was being moved from Leningrad to the capital.

<h3>A Long Road to Realization</h3>
Construction began in 1938 under the project of the famous architect Alexey Shchusev. The outbreak of the Great Patriotic War interrupted the plans, and after the victory, it was decided to build the Academy of Sciences on the Vorobyovy Hills. The development of the Krymsky Val site resumed only in the mid-1950s.

By the centenary of the Tretyakov Gallery in 1956, the authorities decided to construct a new museum building at this very location. The choice was symbolic — just a five-minute walk away stands the house of the Tretyakov merchant family on Golutvinsky Lane. However, three years later the territory was transferred to the State Art Gallery and the Union of Artists of the USSR.

<h3>Construction in the Style of Soviet Modernism</h3>
In 1965, the construction of a large four-story pavilion began according to the design of Ivan Zholtovsky. The building process stretched over almost two decades and was completed only in 1983. The structure, executed in the distinctive style of Soviet modernism, is a spacious rectangular volume with panoramic windows stretching along the Moscow River embankment toward the Kremlin.

In 1986, the State Art Gallery and the Tretyakov Gallery were merged. From that moment, the new building became the main exhibition space of the museum for a decade — the main building on Lavrushinsky Lane was closed for major reconstruction until 1995. In 2019, the Western Wing, which had housed the Central House of Artists, also came under the management of the Tretyakov Gallery.

<h2>What to See in the Permanent Exhibition</h2>
The main museum collection is located on the fourth floor and includes over 5,000 works. Exhibits are arranged chronologically, allowing visitors to trace the development of Russian art from the 1910s to the present day. The exhibition halls occupy about 12,000 square meters.

<h3>Russian Avant-Garde — A Revolution in Art</h3>
A significant part of the exhibition is devoted to avant-garde artists who radically transformed the understanding of painting in the early 20th century. Visitors can see works by the founders of the innovative art associations “Jack of Diamonds” and “Donkey’s Tail.”

<strong>Key figures of the Russian avant-garde:</strong>

<ul><li>Aristarkh Lentulov — author of the famous painting “The Ringing,” conveying the dynamics of church bells through color vibrations</li><li>Mikhail Larionov and Natalia Goncharova — pioneers of primitivism and rayonism in Russian painting</li><li>Pyotr Konchalovsky — master of vivid color and expressive brushwork</li></ul>
Separate rooms are dedicated to legendary artists. Marc Chagall is represented by his masterpiece “Over the Town,” where the artist depicts himself and his beloved Bella floating above the rooftops of their native Vitebsk. The lovers are connected by a single hand — a symbol of inseparable unity and mutual need.

Kazimir Malevich holds a special place in the exhibition. Two versions of his legendary “Black Square,” created in 1915 and still one of the most discussed paintings in world art, are displayed here. Works by his students who developed the ideas of Suprematism are also presented.

<strong>Other significant avant-garde artists in the collection:</strong>

<ul><li>Wassily Kandinsky — pioneer of abstract art and theorist of painting</li><li>Vladimir Tatlin — creator of constructivist experimental objects</li><li>Olga Rozanova, Alexandra Exter, Lyubov Popova, Vera Pestel — avant-garde women artists who made a major contribution to the development of non-objective art</li></ul>

<h3>Soviet Art: From Revolutionary Pathos to the Severe Style</h3>
The Soviet-period exhibition is divided into two parts: early Soviet and wartime art, and works from the 1960s–80s. Most of the collection consists of Socialist Realism — an artistic movement that emerged in the 1920s as a tool of state propaganda.

<strong>Iconic paintings of the era:</strong>

<ul><li>“Again Deuce” by Fyodor Reshetnikov — a textbook work familiar to every schoolchild</li><li>“New Moscow” by Yuri Pimenov — a dynamic cityscape capturing the spirit of the transformed capital</li><li>“Morning” by Tatyana Yablonskaya — a bright work celebrating the joy of everyday life</li><li>“The Bathing of the Red Horse” by Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin — a symbolic piece reflecting revolutionary sentiments</li></ul>
The “Severe Style,” which emerged at the turn of the 1950s–60s as a contrast to celebratory Socialist Realism, deserves special attention. Artists of this movement depicted ordinary working people with serious, focused expressions, reflecting the hardships and dignity of labor.

<strong>Key works of the Severe Style:</strong>

<ul><li>“The Builders of Bratsk” by Viktor Popkov — a monumental canvas about the conquerors of Siberian rivers</li><li>“Raftsmen” by Nikolai Andronov — a depiction of the hard work of river laborers</li></ul>
The halls also feature works by Alexander Deineka, whose athletic figures and optimistic compositions became a hallmark of Soviet art.

<h3>Unofficial Art and the Underground</h3>
One of the most intriguing sections of the exhibition is devoted to Soviet underground art — works created clandestinely between the 1950s and 1980s. Unofficial artists operated outside state institutions, creating art that did not conform to ideological norms.

<strong>Main directions of unofficial art:</strong>

<ul><li>Abstract Expressionism — free self-expression through color and form</li><li>Conceptualism — art of ideas, where the concept outweighs visual form</li><li>Sots Art — ironic reinterpretation of Soviet symbols and propaganda</li></ul>
A prominent representative of Sots Art is Erik Bulatov. His work “Clouds Are Growing” demonstrates his signature technique — text occupying half the canvas, emerging from the depth of space together with clouds, creating a multifaceted metaphor.

The collection also includes works by other underground masters who explored provocative imagery and rejected official artistic principles. The exhibition reveals the full diversity of alternative artistic exploration of the time.

<h2>Temporary Exhibitions and Cultural Program</h2>
The lower floors of the museum building are reserved for temporary exhibitions. Thematic displays dedicated to individual artists or movements are regularly held here. The museum also actively presents works by contemporary authors and experimental art by young creators.

In recent years, the gallery has hosted major retrospectives of Russian painting classics. Valentin Serov’s exhibition in 2016 attracted 485,000 visitors, while the 2017 exhibition marking Ivan Aivazovsky’s 200th anniversary drew a record 600,000 attendees.

<h3>Additional Opportunities for Visitors</h3>
The museum offers not only exhibitions but also a diverse cultural program:

<ul><li>The Lounge on the fourth floor — a cozy space with armchairs and an art library where visitors can relax and watch documentaries about great artists</li><li>The Small Hall — a venue for lectures by leading Russian art historians, film screenings, and concerts related to the museum’s collection</li><li>New creative workshops — educational programs in painting, graphics, and sculpture for children and adults led by professional artists</li><li>Master classes by prominent Russian and international contemporary artists</li></ul>
<h2>Practical Information for Visitors</h2>
<h3>Museum Opening Hours</h3>
The gallery is open six days a week:

<ul><li>Tuesday, Wednesday, Sunday: 10:00–18:00</li><li>Thursday, Friday, Saturday: 10:00–21:00</li><li>Monday: closed</li></ul>
Ticket offices and entrance to the exhibition close one hour before the museum’s closing time. Holiday schedules may vary, so it’s recommended to check the official website before visiting.

<h3>Ticket Prices and Discounts</h3>
<strong>Basic admission prices:</strong>

<ul><li>Adult ticket — 600 rubles</li><li>Students (18+) — 350 rubles</li><li>Pensioners — 350 rubles</li><li>Children aged 7–17 — 300 rubles</li><li>Children up to 6 years old — free</li></ul>
A standard ticket provides access to the permanent exhibition. Temporary exhibitions require separate payment. Tickets can be purchased in advance on the official website or at the museum’s ticket office on the first floor. Multi-visit passes are also available.

<strong>Free admission is granted to:</strong>

<ul><li>Children and teenagers of specific age groups</li><li>Pensioners on designated days</li><li>Students of art universities</li><li>Employees of cultural institutions</li><li>Members of large families</li><li>Refugees</li></ul>
Every Wednesday, entry to the permanent exhibition “Art of the 20th Century” is free for all visitors. Detailed information on discount conditions is available on the gallery’s website.

<h3>How to Get to the Museum</h3>
The New Tretyakov Gallery is located at 10 Krymsky Val, Moscow, within the Museon Art Park in the Yakimanka district.

<strong>Convenient transport options:</strong>

<ul><li>Metro: “Oktyabrskaya” or “Park Kultury” stations — 10–15 minutes on foot</li><li>Bus: “Park Kultury” stop — 3–5 minutes on foot to the museum</li></ul>
Next to the museum lies Museon Park — the largest open-air sculpture museum in Russia, attracting up to 2.5 million visitors annually. Park exhibits can be touched and photographed.

<h2>The Museum’s Role in the Cultural Life of the Capital</h2>
The State Tretyakov Gallery on Krymsky Val is the only museum in Russia of such scale that systematically presents all types, genres, and stylistic trends of 20th-century Russian art. The collection unites painting, graphics, sculpture, and unconventional materials of contemporary art.

With an area of over 12,000 square meters, the museum complex is perfectly suited for large-scale exhibitions and cultural events. The building itself is an example of Soviet architecture and represents a distinct historical value.

Visiting the New Tretyakov Gallery is a rich journey through the visual art of the past century. Here you can see iconic works that capture the spirit of the era, trace the evolution of artistic movements, and understand how art reflected the complex turns of Russian history. Even those who do not consider themselves connoisseurs of painting will find world-famous masterpieces by Malevich, Kandinsky, Filonov, Chagall, and many other outstanding artists.

New Tretyakov Gallery

The Faceted Chamber is a unique monument of Russian architecture, built at the end of the 15th century within the Moscow Kremlin. This is the oldest surviving civil stone building in the capital, which for several centuries served as the main ceremonial hall of Russian rulers. The majestic building witnessed key events in national history — from diplomatic receptions to celebrations of major military victories.

<h2>History of the Architectural Masterpiece</h2>
<h3>Construction Ordered by Ivan III</h3>
The construction of the Faceted Chamber began during the rise of the Moscow principality as the center of a unified Russian state. Grand Prince Ivan III, realizing the need for a proper residence for ceremonial receptions, decided to build a grand hall worthy of the growing state’s prestige.

The work was carried out from 1487 to 1491 under the direction of invited Italian architects Marco Fryazin and Pietro Antonio Solari. The choice of foreign masters reflected a desire to introduce advanced European building technologies and Renaissance architectural traditions into Russian architecture.

<h3>Origin of the Name</h3>
Initially, the structure was known as the Great Chamber. Its modern name arose from the unusual treatment of the main façade — the white limestone blocks were carved into faceted shapes resembling cut gemstones. This cladding technique, typical of the Italian Renaissance, gave the building its poetic name — the Faceted Chamber.

<h2>Architectural Features and Structural Solutions</h2>
<h3>Exterior Appearance</h3>
The two-story building combines elements of the Italian Renaissance with traditional Russian architectural forms. A notable feature is the complete independence of the basement level from the upper story. Historical documents indicate that the first floor housed heating furnaces and utility rooms — storage cellars and guard quarters.

The ceremonial Red Staircase served as the grand entrance to the chamber. The word “red” in Old Russian meant “beautiful.” The original staircase was demolished in the 1930s but reconstructed in the 1990s as an exact replica, preserving all architectural details.

<h3>The Ceremonial Throne Hall</h3>
The second floor contains a grand hall of about 500 square meters with vaulted ceilings 9 meters high. The architectural layout resembles a monastic refectory — a spacious room with a single central pillar supporting the vaults. This engineering solution was considered a marvel of its time.

Natural light enters through 18 windows on three sides of the hall. The main windows face Cathedral Square — the location of the Tsar’s throne. In the evenings, four massive bronze chandeliers illuminate the hall, emphasizing the solemnity of the interior.

<h2>Interior Decoration and Symbolic Ornamentation</h2>
<h3>Holy Vestibule — The Ceremonial Entrance</h3>
The path to the main hall passes through the Holy Vestibule — a space adorned with gilded white-stone portals and carved doors. The walls and vaults are covered with frescoes on biblical and historical themes, including the Baptism of Rus’ and Saint Sergius of Radonezh blessing Dmitry Donskoy before the Battle of Kulikovo.

The Vestibule features six decorative doorways with gilded carvings. Three are functional, leading to the Main Hall, the Grand Kremlin Palace, and the Terem Palace. The other three are skillful “false doors,” added in the 19th century to preserve architectural symmetry.

<h3>Carving of the Central Pillar</h3>
The central pillar is decorated with graceful carvings of animals and birds, each symbolizing the qualities of an ideal ruler:
<ul><li>the serpent — wisdom and mental agility</li>
<li>the deer — kindness and mercy</li>
<li>the lion — courage and strength</li>
<li>the crane — vigilance and caution</li>
<li>the pelican — self-sacrifice</li>
<li>dolphins — care for subjects</li></ul>
A scene depicting a bird triumphing over a serpent symbolizes the victory of good over evil, while the tree at the center represents a flourishing state. Interestingly, the carving was restored thanks to the discovery of alabaster reliefs by Pietro Antonio Solari, found among the collections transferred from the Rumyantsev Museum.

<h2>Fresco Painting — A Chronicle of Russian History</h2>
<h3>Biblical and Historical Themes</h3>
The walls and vaults are covered with large-scale frescoes created in the late 19th century by the Palekh masters, the Belousov brothers, based on 17th-century descriptions by icon painter Simon Ushakov. The ceilings depict scenes from the Creation, the stories of Adam and Eve, and episodes from the life of the biblical Joseph.

The western wall displays a moral parable about righteous and unrighteous judges. One fresco shows a corrupt judge imprisoning an innocent man for a bribe, his soul later condemned to hell — a vivid example of the didactic character of the paintings.

<h3>Gallery of Russian Rulers</h3>
The eastern wall, where the royal throne stood, is adorned with portraits of the founders of the Rurik dynasty — Rurik, Igor, and Svyatoslav. The composition includes the “Calling of the Varangians,” emphasizing the antiquity and legitimacy of Moscow’s royal lineage.

The walls also display portraits of notable rulers:
<ul><li>Vladimir the Great — the baptizer of Rus’, depicted with his twelve sons</li>
<li>Yuri Dolgorukiy — founder of Moscow</li>
<li>Alexander Nevsky — defender of the Fatherland</li>
<li>Ivan Kalita — gatherer of Russian lands</li>
<li>Dmitry Donskoy — victor of the Battle of Kulikovo</li>
<li>Ivan IV the Terrible — the first Russian Tsar</li>
<li>Fyodor Ivanovich and Boris Godunov</li></ul>
<h2>The Secret Chamber — A Mysterious Room for Royal Ladies</h2>
Above the main hall lies a small room known as the Secret Chamber. Built between 1684 and 1686, it served as a “women’s gallery” from which queens and princesses could discreetly observe state ceremonies through a special window, since women were not permitted to participate directly.

A curious structural feature is that the western wall was originally made of clay pots to lighten the load on the vestibule’s vaults. However, historians believe that the legend of secret observation may be exaggerated, as documents suggest the room was later used for furniture storage.

<h2>Historical Significance of the Faceted Chamber</h2>
<h3>The Main Hall of the Russian State</h3>
For centuries, the chamber hosted the most important state ceremonies, including:
<ul><li>receptions of foreign ambassadors and diplomatic missions</li>
<li>enthronement rites of grand princes and emperors</li>
<li>celebrations of major military victories</li>
<li>sessions of the Zemsky Sobor (national assembly)</li>
<li>religious debates and church reform discussions</li></ul>
Ivan the Terrible celebrated the conquest of Kazan here; Peter the Great marked the victory at Poltava. In the mid-17th century, a historic Zemsky Sobor decided on the reunification of Russia and Ukraine. In total, 19 rulers were crowned here, the last being Nicholas II in 1896.

<h3>Tested by Time</h3>
Over its long history, the building survived several devastating fires, the worst in 1737, which destroyed half the Kremlin. Though repeatedly restored, the large-scale reconstruction of 2009–2011 returned the interiors almost to their original 15th-century appearance.

<h2>Interesting Facts and Cultural Legacy</h2>
<h3>Records and Achievements</h3>
At the time of its completion, the Faceted Chamber was the largest ceremonial hall in Europe. This achievement reflected both the growing might of the Moscow state and the skill of its builders.

During the 21st-century restoration, over 10 kilograms of gold were used for the embroidered furniture upholstery. The work was carried out by gold-embroidery artisans of the St. Petersburg workshop “Ubrous,” who recreated historical patterns of decorative art.

<h3>The Faceted Chamber in Art and Literature</h3>
The chamber’s historical role is reflected in the arts. Alexander Pushkin mentioned it in his tragedy “Boris Godunov,” where the Tsar and his boyars discuss the threat of the impostor Grigory Otrepiev under its painted vaults.

The artist Vasily Perov depicted the interior of the Main Hall in his painting “Nikita Pustosvyat: Dispute on Faith,” dedicated to the 17th-century religious schism. The painting, housed in the State Tretyakov Gallery, serves as a valuable historical document capturing the chamber’s appearance.

<h2>Visitor Information</h2>
<h3>How to Join a Tour</h3>
The Faceted Chamber is part of the Grand Kremlin Palace complex — the official residence of the President of the Russian Federation. Independent visits are not allowed; access is available only through organized tours booked in advance via official Kremlin tour operators.

Visiting conditions:

<ul><li>passport information required when booking</li>
<li>tour duration: 1.5 hours</li>
<li>group tour cost for 2–20 people — from 5000 rubles</li>
<li>dates may change due to official events</li>
<li>multi-level security screening at the entrance</li>
<li>visitors are advised to limit personal belongings</li>
<li>photography allowed only in select ceremonial halls</li></ul>
The building’s exterior can be viewed with a Kremlin territory ticket, allowing appreciation of the façade’s faceted white stonework.

<h3>How to Get to the Kremlin</h3>
The most convenient way is by metro. The nearest stations, “Biblioteka Imeni Lenina” and “Aleksandrovsky Sad,” are about 600 meters from the chamber. Alternatively, bus routes е10, м1, м2, м6, м7, м9 stop at “Metro ‘Biblioteka Imeni Lenina.’” From the Kutafya Tower, Cathedral Square is just a few minutes’ walk away.

<h2>Modern Significance</h2>
The Faceted Chamber is rightly called the heart of the Moscow Kremlin. For more than five centuries, it has remained a place where the fateful matters of Russian statehood are decided. Today, it continues to host the nation’s most distinguished guests and official ceremonies.

This architectural monument holds immense historical and cultural value. Every detail — from the frescoes to the carved central pillar — carries deep meaning, reflecting ideals of power, statehood, and virtue. Visiting the Faceted Chamber offers a rare opportunity to touch the living history of Russia and feel the grandeur of past eras.

Faceted Chamber

The Bykovo Estate, also known as Maryino, is an outstanding architectural monument of the 18th century, located in a picturesque corner of the Moscow region. This unique estate complex was created at the initiative of Moscow Governor-General Mikhail Mikhailovich Izmaylov and brought to life by the great Russian architect Vasily Bazhenov. Today, the estate is among the most visited historical landmarks of the Moscow region and is included in many excursion routes.

<h2>History of Creation and Development of the Estate</h2>
<h3>The Izmaylov Era</h3>
The founder of the estate complex was <strong>Mikhail Mikhailovich Izmaylov</strong>, who held the post of Moscow commander-in-chief under Catherine II. Having received these lands in the second half of the 18th century, he decided to create a luxurious residence for his family. The estate was given a second romantic name — Maryino, in honor of Izmaylov’s beloved wife, Maria Alexandrovna Naryshkina.

To realize his grand design, Izmaylov invited <strong>Vasily Ivanovich Bazhenov</strong>, one of the most prominent architects of his time. Bazhenov created a true masterpiece here, combining elements of Russian pseudo-Gothic with classical forms, giving the estate a distinctive appearance and special atmosphere.

<h3>The Vorontsov-Dashkov Period</h3>
At the beginning of the 19th century, the estate passed into the possession of the noble family of <strong>Vorontsov-Dashkovs</strong>, well-known Russian horse breeders and patrons of the arts. The new owners made significant changes to the architectural appearance of the estate. In 1856, at their request, Swiss architect Bernard de Simon carried out a large-scale reconstruction of the main palace, giving it features of the French Renaissance and eclecticism.

<h3>The Ilyin Ownership and Revolutionary Changes</h3>
In the late 1880s, the estate was acquired by engineer <strong>Nikolai Ilyin</strong>, co-owner of the Kazan Railway. According to one romantic legend, Ilyin won the estate in a card game from its previous owners. The Ilyin family owned the palace until the revolutionary events of 1917.

After the establishment of Soviet power in 1920, all artistic valuables were transferred to the Museum Fund of the city of Bronnitsy. At various times, the estate housed a children’s colony for orphans, a secret sabotage training school, and, after World War II, a sanatorium for tuberculosis treatment.

<h2>Architectural Ensemble of the Estate</h2>
<h3>The Main Palace</h3>
The central building of the estate complex is located on an elevation — partly natural, partly artificially created. The original appearance of the palace, designed by Bazhenov, has not survived to this day. The current appearance was formed after the 1856 reconstruction, when architect Bernard de Simon combined several styles in its design: <strong>Gothic, eclecticism, and classicism</strong>.

The palace impresses with its harmony of proportions, strict lines, and elegant decorative elements. The balconies offer breathtaking panoramic views of the surrounding landscapes, ponds, and park alleys.

<h3>The Vladimir Church — A Jewel of Russian Pseudo-Gothic</h3>
The <strong>two-story Vladimir Church</strong> of the late 18th century is the main architectural dominant of the estate and one of the most recognizable monuments of the Neo-Gothic style in Russia. Bazhenov created a truly unique structure resembling a medieval European castle, with characteristic pointed arches, graceful spires, and symmetrical towers.

Particular attention is drawn to the architectural details of the church:

<ul><li>Eight spires with crosses around the central tower symbolize the eighth day — the day of Christ’s Resurrection and the beginning of a New Era</li>
<li>The façade features bas-relief images that, according to one version, depict the apostles and church benefactors</li>
<li>The church consists of two parts: the lower Nativity Church and the upper one</li>
<li>The fence and gates harmoniously complement the architectural ensemble</li></ul>
Today, the church is active, and regular services are held. The lower church is open for visitors daily.

<h3>The Bell Tower</h3>
Next to the Vladimir Church stands a massive bell tower built in the late 19th century according to the design of architect <strong>Ivan Tamansky</strong>. Despite being constructed a century after the main church, the bell tower perfectly fits into the overall architectural ensemble, emphasizing its Gothic motifs.

<h3>The Gazebo “Temple of Three Philosophers”</h3>
The only surviving garden structure designed by Bazhenov is an elegant rotunda located on a small island in a picturesque pond. This structure is often called the <strong>“Temple of Three Philosophers”</strong> or Bazhenov’s Gazebo. Surrounded by water and park greenery, the rotunda creates a romantic atmosphere and serves as a favorite spot for photoshoots.

<h2>Interior Decoration of the Palace</h2>
<h3>Layout of the First Floor</h3>
According to surviving archival documents from the late 18th century, the main building’s layout was clearly divided into male and female sections, in line with the traditions of the time.

<strong>The Eastern (female) section</strong> included:

<ul><li>A grand staircase with intricate decoration</li>
<li>A music salon for concerts</li>
<li>The countess’s study with two fireplaces, one purely decorative</li>
<li>Bedrooms with a boudoir</li>
<li>A bathroom and dressing room</li></ul>
The windows of the female section overlooked the rose garden and offered views of the Vladimir Church, suiting the hostess’s tastes and pursuits.

<strong>The Western (male) section</strong> consisted of:

<ul><li>A spacious library with multi-tiered cabinets in the Italo-Byzantine style</li>
<li>A billiard room, also used as a smoking lounge</li>
<li>A dining room with a buffet</li>
<li>A staircase leading to the basement rooms</li></ul>
On the western side was a wing with an astronomical observatory housing a telescope, reflecting the owners’ scientific interests.

<h3>The Central Living Room</h3>
The spacious living room served as a connecting link between the male and female halves of the palace. This room functioned as a <strong>music salon</strong> where evening concerts and receptions were held. By the late 19th century, the interior featured:

<ul><li>A luxurious marble fireplace with floral reliefs</li>
<li>Byzantine-style stucco</li>
<li>Carved walnut decorative elements</li>
<li>A grand piano for musical evenings</li></ul>
From the living room windows, there was a magnificent view of the Moscow River floodplain, creating a special atmosphere for social gatherings.

<h3>Decorative Elements</h3>
Fragments of painted ceilings depicting flowering plants have survived to this day. The same botanical motifs appear on carved walnut panels decorating the state rooms.

<h2>The Estate Park and Landscape Features</h2>
The Bykovo estate park was designed in the <strong>English landscape style</strong> and is a beautiful example of 18th-century landscape art. The park’s territory includes several important elements:

<h3>Water Features</h3>
<ul><li><strong>Black Pond</strong> — a small body of water in front of the main palace, named for its abundance of silt. Bazhenov’s rotunda is located on its shore</li>
<li><strong>Triangular Pond</strong> — the largest pond of the estate, named for its distinctive shape. Until the 1930s, the “Hermitage” pavilion stood here, resembling the one in Kuskovo</li>
<li>The Bykovka River flows through the park, creating scenic banks for walks</li></ul>
<h3>Linden Alley</h3>
From the ponds to the main palace leads the old Linden Alley — one of the most atmospheric parts of the park. A walk along this alley allows one to fully experience the spirit of an old Russian estate.

<h3>Lost Structures</h3>
Unfortunately, many original elements of the ensemble have not survived. Lost are:

<ul><li>The main entrance gates</li>
<li>Utility buildings</li>
<li>The greenhouse for exotic plants</li>
<li>The decorative obelisk</li>
<li>The “Hermitage” pavilion</li>
<li>The river pier</li>
<li>The grotto at the park entrance</li></ul>
<h2>Underground Passages and Mysteries of the Estate</h2>
One of the most intriguing features of the Bykovo estate is its <strong>system of underground passages</strong> connecting various buildings of the complex. These served not only as architectural embellishments but also had practical purposes.

<h3>Functions of the Underground Structures</h3>
<ul><li>An emergency evacuation route in case of attack</li>
<li>Protection from natural disasters</li>
<li>Utility and hidden movement across the grounds</li>
<li>Maintaining indoor microclimate</li></ul>
The main passage, about 200 meters long, connects the palace with the Vladimir Church. Another tunnel leads to the grotto that once stood at the park entrance. According to experts, these underground structures are in good condition, though tourist access is restricted.

At the former grotto site now stands a shed with ventilation pipes providing airflow to the underground structures.

<h2>Modern Condition and Prospects</h2>
In 1960, by decree of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR, all estate structures were granted the status of <strong>monuments of history and culture of federal significance</strong> and placed under state protection.

The last major restoration was carried out in the 1960s by the Mosoblstroyrestavratsiya trust. After the sanatorium closed in the mid-1980s, the main building stood empty, leading to deterioration. A new restoration was planned in 2010, but due to ownership complications, it was never realized.

<h3>Development Plans</h3>
Under the direction of historian M.A. Marina, a concept was developed to transform the palace into an interactive museum or cultural and educational center. The main goals of the project include:

<ul><li>Recreating historical interiors</li>
<li>Reconstructing lost estate buildings</li>
<li>Creating permanent exhibitions</li>
<li>Hosting cultural events and guided tours</li></ul>
<h2>What to See on the Estate Grounds</h2>
<h3>Architectural Highlights</h3>
<ol><li><strong>The Main Palace</strong> — admire the exterior, architectural details, and sculptural decor. Although interior access is closed, the exterior view is aesthetically rewarding</li>
<li><strong>The Vladimir Church</strong> — visit the active church, explore its unique architecture and the interior of the lower temple</li>
<li><strong>The Bell Tower</strong> — a look at late 19th-century architectural design</li>
<li><strong>The Kitchen Wing</strong> — a two-story building with columns preserved to this day</li></ol>
<h3>Natural Features</h3>
<ul><li>Walks through the landscape park with centuries-old trees</li>
<li>View of the rotunda on the island</li>
<li>The Linden Alley leading to the palace</li>
<li>A system of ponds with picturesque banks</li>
<li>Descent to the Bykovka River</li></ul>
<h3>The Church of the Icon of the Mother of God “Life-Giving Spring”</h3>
Behind the Vladimir Church, toward the river, stands another church with a holy spring venerated since the 19th century.

<h2>Practical Information for Visitors</h2>
<h3>Opening Hours</h3>
<strong>Park area:</strong> open 24/7, free entry
<br><strong>Vladimir Church (lower temple):</strong> weekdays 8:00–16:30
<br><strong>Church phone:</strong> +7 (496) 462-43-02

<h3>Admission</h3>
Entrance to the estate park and the Gothic church is <strong>free</strong>. Entry into the main palace is currently closed.

<h3>Address</h3>
Moscow Region, Ramenskoye Urban District, Bykovo village

<h3>Best Time to Visit</h3>
The estate is beautiful at any time of year:

<ul><li><strong>Spring</strong> — blooming plants in the park</li>
<li><strong>Summer</strong> — lush greenery and enjoyable walks</li>
<li><strong>Autumn</strong> — golden foliage creates a special mood</li>
<li><strong>Winter</strong> — snow-covered architecture evokes Gothic castles</li></ul>
<h2>How to Get to the Bykovo Estate</h2>
<h3>By Public Transport</h3>
<strong>Option 1: From Kazansky Railway Station</strong>

<ol><li>Train to Udelnaya platform</li>
<li>Minibus No. 23 or 39 to “Church” stop</li></ol>
<strong>Option 2: From Kotelniki Metro Station</strong>

<ul><li>Minibus No. 525k to “Kerosinovaya Lavka” or “Church” stop</li>
<li>Buses No. 424, 441, 478 to the same stops</li></ul>
<h3>By Car</h3>
<ul><li>Distance from Moscow: about 30 kilometers</li>
<li>Route: along Yegoryevskoye Highway</li>
<li>Landmark: the spires of the Vladimir Church are visible from afar</li>
<li>Parking is available on-site</li></ul>
Travel time from central Moscow is about one hour, depending on traffic.

<h2>Excursion Programs</h2>
The Bykovo Estate is included in several popular excursion tours:

<ul><li><strong>“Tour of Ten Churches”</strong> — exploring church architecture of the Moscow region</li>
<li><strong>“Near Ryazanka Route”</strong> — discovering estates along the old road</li>
<li><strong>“Excursion to the Vorontsov-Dashkov Estate”</strong> — an in-depth look at the estate’s history</li></ul>
Organized tours are available year-round and include transport from Moscow, guide services, and detailed historical narration.

<h2>Tips for Photographers</h2>
The Bykovo Estate offers numerous opportunities for striking photographs:

<h3>Best Locations</h3>
<ul><li><strong>The Vladimir Church</strong> — the façade and staircases make an impressive backdrop</li>
<li><strong>The Main Palace</strong> — the view from the grand staircase toward the park</li>
<li><strong>The Rotunda</strong> — romantic shots by the pond</li>
<li><strong>The Linden Alley</strong> — especially beautiful in autumn</li>
<li><strong>The Bykovka Riverbank</strong> — natural scenery</li></ul>
<h3>Important to Remember</h3>
Photography is prohibited inside the active church but allowed freely outside.

<h2>Interesting Facts about the Estate</h2>
<ul><li>The name “Bykovo” likely originates from an old cattle-driving station once located here</li>
<li>Before the revolution, a tavern called “Bull’s” operated nearby</li>
<li>Masonic symbols in the estate’s architecture reflect Izmaylov’s membership in a Masonic lodge</li>
<li>Legend claims Nikolai Ilyin won the estate in a card game</li>
<li>During World War II, a secret saboteur school operated in the estate</li>
<li>The underground passages are still maintained in working condition</li>
<li>The park was recently restored and cleaned, making walks even more pleasant</li></ul>
<h2>Conclusion</h2>
The Bykovo Estate is a unique place where architectural heritage from several eras harmoniously blends with picturesque nature and a rich history. Although the main palace remains closed, a walk through the park, a visit to the remarkable Vladimir Church, and an acquaintance with the estate’s history leave unforgettable impressions. The estate continues to attract tourists, researchers, and history enthusiasts, remaining one of the architectural jewels of the Moscow region.

Bykovo Estate

The Monument to Minin and Pozharsky is an iconic landmark of the capital, symbolizing the heroism of the Russian people and the victory over the Polish–Lithuanian invaders during the Time of Troubles. This majestic monument with an unusual fate has adorned Red Square for more than two centuries and is the first historical monument in Russia.

<h2>Description of the Sculptural Composition</h2>
The monument is a <strong>bronze sculptural group on a massive granite pedestal</strong>, depicting two national heroes—the Nizhny Novgorod merchant Kuzma Minin and Prince Dmitry Pozharsky. The composition is imbued with deep symbolism and historical meaning.

<h3>Symbolism of the Figures and Their Arrangement</h3>
Prince Pozharsky is shown seated on the pedestal, leaning on a shield bearing the image of the Savior Not Made by Hands—this pose was chosen for a reason. According to historical accounts, <strong>Pozharsky was seriously wounded in battle</strong> and, at the time he was called to lead the people’s militia, had not yet fully recovered from his wounds. Beside him stands Kuzma Minin, handing the prince a sword and pointing the way. Both heroes hold the weapon, which <strong>symbolizes the unity of the Russian people</strong> in the struggle against foreign invaders.

Minin’s gesture has a dual interpretation: by one reading, he calls to defend the Kremlin from enemies; by another, he summons the army to storm the fortress. Notably, there was no need to storm the Kremlin—after a prolonged siege, the Polish occupiers left the fortifications of their own accord.

<h3>Reliefs on the Pedestal</h3>
Two expressive reliefs by Ivan Martos are placed on the pedestal:

<ul><li><strong>Front relief “The Citizens of Nizhny Novgorod”</strong> depicts the people of Nizhny Novgorod bringing donations to form the people’s militia. Among the figures one can see the sculptor himself with his two sons, whom he symbolically sends to the militia. In reality, Martos’s sons did not participate in the battles of 1612—one fought the French in the Patriotic War of 1812, the other died in France in 1813.</li>
<li><strong>Rear relief “The Expulsion of the Poles”</strong> shows Pozharsky leading the militiamen into the decisive battle.</li></ul>
<h2>History of the Monument’s Creation</h2>
<h3>Origin of the Idea and Fundraising</h3>
The idea to immortalize the people’s heroes arose in <strong>1803 in Nizhny Novgorod</strong>—the city where the famous militia took shape. Local society proposed erecting a monument in honor of Minin and Pozharsky, who gathered a people’s army here against the Polish invaders.

After the sculptor Ivan Martos’s project was approved in 1809, large-scale fundraising began. The organizers sent prospective patrons engravings of the future composition. By 1811 they had collected <strong>over 130,000 rubles</strong>—an impressive sum for the time, considering that a decent house in Nizhny Novgorod cost only a few hundred rubles.

<h3>Impact of the Patriotic War of 1812</h3>
The process of creating the monument was interrupted by the Patriotic War of 1812—the work receded into the background. The bronze figures were not cast until 1815, and by then the <strong>symbolic meaning of the monument had expanded</strong>. If it was originally conceived as a tribute to the feat of the people of Nizhny Novgorod, after the victory over Napoleon it came to embody the unity and heroism of the entire Russian people.

That is why it was decided to install the monument not in Nizhny Novgorod but <strong>in Moscow, on Red Square</strong>—in the very heart of Russia.

<h3>A Unique Casting Technology</h3>
Work on the composition took many years. Martos devoted the first four years to creating the sculptural models of Minin and Pozharsky. Then, in St. Petersburg, preparations for casting began—wax copies were taken from the sculptures, and a 45-layer mold was made from them.

The craftsmen employed a <strong>revolutionary technology for the time</strong>: the figures were cast in one piece rather than in parts, as had been done before. The only exceptions were the sword and the shield, which were made separately. According to contemporaries, when the molds were broken open and the finished sculptures revealed, Martos was completely satisfied with the result.

<h3>The River Journey and the Ceremonial Unveiling</h3>
After casting was completed, the finished figures had to be delivered from St. Petersburg to Moscow. Transportation was carried out by water and took <strong>more than three months</strong>: the route began on the Neva, passed along the Volga and the Oka, and ended on the Moskva River.

The monument was solemnly unveiled on <strong>February 20, 1818</strong>, in the presence of Emperor Alexander I and members of the imperial family. The event was accompanied by a large military parade specially organized for the unveiling.

<h2>Historical Significance of the Monument</h2>
The monument to Minin and Pozharsky became the <strong>first historical monument in Russia</strong> in the modern sense of the word. Until the 19th century, major milestones in the nation’s history were commemorated by building religious structures—chapels, churches, or monasteries. Secular monuments existed only in St. Petersburg, for example the famous Bronze Horseman, erected in 1782.

<h2>Interesting Facts About the Monument</h2>
<h3>Postponed Unveiling of the Monument</h3>
In 2021, during restoration work, architects discovered on the pedestal <strong>several holes for the digits “1817”</strong>. This finding made it possible to determine that the unveiling was originally planned for a year earlier—during Alexander I’s visit to Moscow in 1817. However, the emperor’s trip was postponed, and the opening ceremony was moved to 1818.

<h3>Relocation of the Monument</h3>
The current location of the sculpture differs from the original. Initially, the monument was installed in the center of Red Square, with its back to the Upper Trading Rows (now GUM), and Minin was, as it were, directing Pozharsky toward the Kremlin, calling on him to defend it from enemies.

In 1931, after the construction of Lenin’s Mausoleum, the monument ended up in an awkward position: it looked as if Minin were handing Pozharsky a sword, and the weapon pointed directly at the mausoleum. <strong>The Soviet authorities considered such an arrangement unacceptable</strong>, fearing undesirable associations among the public. The monument was moved closer to St. Basil’s Cathedral, where it remains to this day. Even more radical options were considered—up to demolishing the monument and melting down the metal.

<h3>The Inscription “To Citizen Minin and Prince Pozharsky”</h3>
The text on the pedestal has deep symbolic meaning. The phrase <strong>“To Citizen Minin and Prince Pozharsky”</strong> underscores the unity of representatives of different estates in the struggle for the freedom of the Fatherland. Kuzma Minin was a city elder and merchant, but his position is not indicated in the inscription—he is called simply a citizen. Dmitry Pozharsky, by contrast, is proudly named a prince. This difference was meant to symbolize the union of all strata of Russian society.

<h3>Alexander Pushkin’s Criticism</h3>
The great Russian poet Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin sharply <strong>criticized the brevity of the inscription</strong> on the pedestal. In Pushkin’s view, the text should have contained the heroes’ full names and titles: “...the townsman Kozma Minin nicknamed Sukhorukiy, or the Duma nobleman Kozma Minich Sukhorukiy...”

Despite the poet’s authoritative opinion, the inscription remained unchanged. Interestingly, on the reduced copy of the monument installed in Nizhny Novgorod, the text is identical to the Moscow original.

<h3>Pozharsky’s Reign That Never Was</h3>
After Moscow was liberated from the invaders in 1612, the question arose of electing a new tsar. Among the candidates considered was <strong>Dmitry Pozharsky</strong>, who, thanks to his military merits and impeccable reputation, enjoyed great public trust.

However, representatives of the boyar nobility opposed his candidacy. Historians believe that Pozharsky’s very integrity worked against him—the boyars feared exposure of their own crimes and abuses. In the end, the seventeen-year-old Mikhail Romanov was chosen for the throne, inaugurating a new royal dynasty.

<h2>Where the Monument Is Located</h2>
The monument stands <strong>in the very center of Moscow, on Red Square</strong>, directly in front of St. Basil’s Cathedral, between the Spasskaya Tower of the Kremlin and Lobnoye Mesto. It is among the most visited sights of the Russian capital.

It is noteworthy that the monument stands practically on the ashes—after the devastating fire of 1812, which destroyed a large part of Red Square, the architect <strong>Osip Ivanovich Bove</strong> redesigned its architectural appearance. Under his direction, the ensemble was created that, with minimal changes, has survived to this day.

<h3>How to Get to the Monument</h3>
You can approach Red Square from several directions. If you want to find yourself right by the monument to Minin and Pozharsky, the most convenient metro stations are:

<ul><li><strong>“Okhotny Ryad”</strong> — a 7–10 minute walk across Red Square</li><li><strong>“Ploshchad Revolyutsii”</strong> — a 7–10 minute walk</li><li><strong>“Teatralnaya”</strong> — a 7–10 minute walk</li><li><strong>“Kitay-Gorod”</strong> — a 7–10 minute walk along Ilinka or Varvarka streets</li></ul>
The nearest bus stop is called “Red Square”—from there it is only a two-minute walk to the monument.

<h2>What to Do at the Monument</h2>
Most tourists take photos by the historical monument, but connoisseurs of history and art carefully study the details of the composition. The monument is notable for its <strong>combination of classical (antique) elements of Classicism with Russian motifs</strong>. The heroes recall ancient gods in their proportions and the grandeur of their poses, yet in their clothing, armor, and Minin’s hairstyle one can discern distinctly Russian traits.

The high-reliefs on the pedestal, depicting scenes of raising the people’s militia and expelling the Polish invaders from Moscow, deserve special attention. These reliefs are genuine works of sculptural art.

<h2>What to Combine Your Visit With</h2>
The monument stands on Red Square directly in front of St. Basil’s Cathedral, so viewing it naturally pairs with a walk across the country’s main square and visits to other landmarks:

<ul><li><strong>St. Basil’s Cathedral</strong> — a masterpiece of Russian architecture</li><li><strong>Lenin’s Mausoleum</strong> — the resting place of the leader of the revolution</li><li><strong>GUM</strong> — the historic department store in the building of the Upper Trading Rows</li><li><strong>The State Historical Museum</strong> — the largest museum of Russian history</li><li><strong>The Moscow Kremlin</strong> — museums and cathedrals within the Kremlin walls</li><li><strong>The Armoury Chamber</strong> — the treasury of royal regalia</li><li><strong>The Diamond Fund</strong> — a collection of precious stones and objects</li></ul>
<h2>Practical Information for Tourists</h2>
<h3>Admission</h3>
Viewing the monument to Minin and Pozharsky and taking photos next to it is <strong>absolutely free</strong>. The monument is in the open air and accessible around the clock.

<h3>When to Visit</h3>
This is one of those Moscow attractions that is crowded at any time of year. If you want to examine the pedestal reliefs closely and take photos without interference from crowds of tourists, <strong>it is recommended to come to Red Square early in the morning</strong>—on weekdays before 9–10 a.m., on weekends before 8–9 a.m.

<h2>Conclusion</h2>
The monument to Minin and Pozharsky is not just a sculptural composition but a <strong>symbol of national unity, patriotism, and the heroism of the Russian people</strong>. It recalls the glorious pages of national history, when representatives of different estates united to defend their homeland from foreign invaders.

The monument is a must-see on any tour of Red Square. Guides speak in detail about its rich history, the symbolism of the composition, and the twists and turns of its creation. Photos of the monument appear in every guidebook to Moscow, and it has long since become one of the chief symbols of the Russian capital.

Visiting this landmark allows you not only to touch the history of Russia but also to feel the spirit of a heroic era when the fate of the entire state was being decided. The monument to Minin and Pozharsky continues to inspire new generations to serve their homeland and reminds us of enduring values—unity, courage, and love of country.

Monument to Minin and Pozharsky

 The State Department Store on Red Square is a unique combination of a shopping complex and an architectural monument of federal significance. Located in the very heart of the capital, next to the Kremlin and the mausoleum, GUM attracts millions of visitors thanks to its rich history, magnificent architecture and variety of stores.

<h2>History of the Creation of the Legendary Store</h2>
The roots of the shopping complex go back to the era of Catherine the Great, when numerous stalls and trading booths stood on the site of the modern building. The idea of creating a single trading space arose at the end of the eighteenth century.

<h3>First Designs and Construction</h3>
The Italian architect Giacomo Quarenghi developed the initial design of the shopping center in the classical style. However, it was not possible to fully implement this vision because of the haste of construction and the destruction during the war of 1812. After the end of hostilities, reconstruction was carried out by another Italian architect, Osip Bove, but the result still remained far from the original concept.

In 1869, the city authorities decided on a large-scale reconstruction of the shopping arcades. The main problem was the negotiations with the owners of almost six hundred stalls. The merchants created their own commission and began lengthy talks with the authorities, which dragged on for two decades.

<h3>Breakthrough in the Implementation of the Project</h3>
The situation changed after the merchant Nikolai Alekseyev was appointed head of Moscow in 1885. The new administrator declared the arcades unsafe, temporarily closed them and relocated the stalls. The drop in profits forced the merchants to accept the government's terms.

In 1888, a joint-stock company was created, in which the owners received shares in proportion to the value of their property. A closed competition was announced for the design of the new building, with more than twenty architects taking part.

The winner of the competition was <strong>Alexander Pomerantsev</strong>. The foundation was laid in 1889, and the grand opening took place four years later. The building received beautiful decoration in the Neo-Russian style, with openwork glass roofs and its own power plant.

<h2>The Twentieth Century: Trials and Revival</h2>
<h3>Revolutionary Upheavals</h3>
After the October Revolution, trade was halted. State institutions moved into the building, some premises were turned into warehouses, and the upper floors were given over to communal apartments. In 1921, Vladimir Lenin ordered trade to be resumed, but in the 1930s Joseph Stalin closed the store again.

The building was several times under threat of demolition. In 1935 and 1947 it was planned to build a high-rise on its site, but these plans were never implemented.

<h3>Post-war Revival</h3>
On May 9, 1945, it was from the department store building that Yuri Levitan announced Germany's capitulation. After Stalin's death in March 1953, the new government decided to carry out a reconstruction. In December of the same year, the store reopened to customers, becoming a symbol of the Khrushchev Thaw.

<h2>Architectural Features</h2>
The building occupies an entire block of Kitay-Gorod and includes sixteen buildings connected by gallery-passages. Its length along the Kremlin wall is about two hundred and fifty meters. The complex is built in the Neo-Russian style and forms a single ensemble with the State Historical Museum.

<h3>Shukhov’s Glass Skies</h3>
The main architectural highlight is the <strong>delicate glass roofs</strong>, created by the famous engineer Vladimir Shukhov. More than fifty thousand poods of metal were used to construct the unique roof. The diameter of the structure is fourteen meters. Originally, the transparent ceiling served the practical function of natural lighting; today it is a striking decorative element and a calling card of the department store.

In the evenings, thousands of lights adorn the facade of the building, turning the shopping center into a fairytale palace.

<h2>Highlights of the Modern GUM</h2>
<h3>Gastronom Number One</h3>
The legendary store opened in 1953 and operated until 1990. Marble counters with a rich assortment faced Red Square. Muscovites traditionally did their holiday shopping here for major celebrations.

The grocery store got a second life in 2008. The recreated Soviet interior with historical names of departments attracts visitors with the atmosphere of a bygone era. Here you can buy quality products that will satisfy even the most demanding gourmets.

 <h3>Cinema Hall with a Historical Interior</h3>
The cinema is located in a room with early twentieth-century stucco, crystal chandeliers and huge windows overlooking Vetoshny Lane. During screenings the windows are covered with velvet curtains.

The three halls accommodate different numbers of spectators:

<ul><li>The large hall has seventy seats</li>
<li>The children's hall offers twenty seats</li>
<li>The VIP hall accommodates sixteen people</li></ul>
The repertoire includes new film releases, classic movies and broadcasts of theatrical performances. The buffet is styled as a Soviet theater café, where instead of the usual popcorn they offer sandwiches, pies, lemonade and champagne.

<h3>Historic Restroom</h3>
The luxurious restroom has been recreated from archival photographs and drawings. Visitors are greeted by a foyer with comfortable sofas, marble wall finishes, mirrors in carved frames and Murano glass light fixtures. The floors are covered with carpets.

The sanitary fittings in the women's rooms are done in gold tones, in the men's — in silver. Instead of paper towels, cotton ones are used. Visitors can use all hygiene accessories, including the option to take a shower for an additional fee.

<h2>Shopping Opportunities</h2>
On three floors along three lines there are more than two hundred shops, boutiques and salons. Well-known Russian and international brands of clothing, footwear and accessories are represented. There are numerous children's goods stores.

Within the complex there are:

<ul><li>A pharmacy and a bank branch</li>
<li>Photo services and an order desk</li>
<li>Restaurants and cafés with various cuisines</li>
<li>Cafeteria Number Fifty-Seven with self-service</li>
<li>Café Festivalnoe with an international menu</li></ul>
More than thirty thousand people visit the department store every day. Holders of family cards receive discounts from five to fifteen percent in some salons.

<h2>Cultural Life</h2>
Since the mid-2000s, a fountain has been operating in the center of the department store — almost a contemporary of the Upper Trading Rows. This is a popular meeting place for visitors.

In winter, the <strong>GUM skating rink</strong> opens on Red Square, reviving the tradition of winter festivities. Matches involving celebrities and performances by artists are held here, creating a festive atmosphere.

In the restored Demonstration Hall, cultural events, exhibitions and presentations are regularly held. The department store organizes tours where guides talk about the history of the complex, its illustrious visitors and the architectural secrets of the building.

<h2>Practical Information for Visitors</h2>
<h3>Address and Opening Hours</h3>
The department store is located at: Red Square, Building 3. The complex is open daily from ten in the morning to ten in the evening.

<h3>How to Get There</h3>
<strong>Metro:</strong> the nearest stations are Okhotny Ryad on the red line, Teatralnaya on the green line and Ploshchad Revolyutsii on the blue line. It is a few minutes' walk from them to the department store. You can also walk from Kitay-Gorod station on the purple line, seeing Zaryadye Park and St. Basil's Cathedral along the way.

<strong>Bus:</strong> the Krasnaya Ploshchad stop is less than five hundred meters from the department store. Another option is the Metro Okhotny Ryad stop on Tverskaya Street.

<strong>Car:</strong> access is possible via the main city highways — Tverskaya Street, Bolshaya Yakimanka and Novy Arbat.

<h3>Parking</h3>
For visitors there is a nine-storey guarded parking facility on Ilyinka, 3/8. It is open from eight in the morning to eleven in the evening. The cost is specified on the official website. Valet parking service is available. There is also a public paid parking lot nearby.

<h2>Conclusion</h2>
Today the main department store is much more than a shopping venue. It is an <strong>architectural monument of federal significance</strong> that preserves the country's history within its walls. The building, constructed at the end of the nineteenth century, has survived revolutions, wars and threats of demolition and has been reborn as a symbol of the Russian capital.

Visitors can enjoy shopping in numerous stores, immerse themselves in the atmosphere of the past in themed cafés and the gastronom, watch a film in the historic cinema hall or simply admire the magnificent architecture. Shukhov's lace-like glass skies, marble interiors and evening illumination make GUM one of the main attractions of Moscow.

Its location in the very heart of the capital, on Red Square next to the Kremlin, turns a visit to the department store into an unforgettable journey through the history of Russia. Here the past blends seamlessly with the present, creating a unique space for shopping, relaxation and cultural leisure.

State Department Store (GUM)

The <strong>Aviapark</strong> shopping and entertainment center is located on the legendary Khodynskoye Field in Moscow and is a unique space for shopping, entertainment, and family leisure. Opened in November 2014, the complex quickly earned the status of one of the main shopping landmarks of the capital thanks to its impressive scale and variety of offerings.

The total area of the center is <strong>400 thousand square meters</strong>, which is equivalent to approximately 36 football fields. The retail area occupies 230 thousand square meters, making Aviapark the largest shopping center in Europe by total area. In terms of leasable space, the complex is second only to the famous London Westfield.

<h2>History of the creation of the shopping center on the site of the legendary airfield</h2>
<h3>From airfield to retail giant</h3>
The territory on which Aviapark now stands has a rich history. Here was located the <strong>Central Airfield named after M.V. Frunze</strong> and Moscow’s first airport. It is symbolic that the name of the shopping center has preserved the memory of the aviation past of this place.

The first stone of the future complex was ceremonially laid in November 2012. Construction of the large-scale project took only two years, and on November 28, 2014, the official opening took place, although most of the stores began operating from Monday, December 1.

<h3>Investments and project team</h3>
Implementation of the ambitious project required investments of <strong>about 1.4 billion dollars</strong>. The main shareholders were businessmen Mikhail Zayts and Igor Rotenberg. The developer of the project was AMMA Development, founded in 2007 by investor Mikhail Zayts together with top managers of IKEA/MEGA Property Russia, who had experience in creating the successful MEGA shopping center chain. The general contractor for construction was the Turkish company Renaissance Construction.

In 2024 it became known that Igor Rotenberg had left the group of shareholders back in February 2021. In the summer of 2025, the owners of the complex put the property up for sale with an asking price of <strong>at least 100 billion rubles</strong>.

<h2>Architectural features and unique solutions</h2>
<h3>Glass roof and abundance of natural light</h3>
One of Aviapark’s main architectural features is its <strong>glass roof with an area of 40 thousand square meters</strong>. This solution embodies the concept of a building based on an abundance of light and space. Natural lighting creates a comfortable atmosphere for visitors and allows significant savings on electricity during daylight hours.

The architectural design was developed by the American bureau Callison, which specializes in creating large shopping and entertainment complexes around the world.

<h3>The tallest cylindrical aquarium in the world</h3>
The hallmark of the shopping center is the giant aquarium located in the central atrium. Its parameters are impressive: <strong>its height is 23 meters, and its diameter is 6 meters</strong>. The tank holds 370 thousand liters of seawater, home to about 2.5 thousand fish. Most of the inhabitants were brought from the Red Sea.

In 2016, Aviapark’s aquarium was officially recognized as the <strong>tallest cylindrical aquarium in the world</strong> and entered into the Guinness World Records. Watching the underwater world has become a favorite pastime for both children and adult visitors to the center.

<h3>Green area on the top floor</h3>
The top floor of the complex is decorated with a green area designed in the style of an urban park. This space is ideal for relaxing after active shopping and creates a unique atmosphere of being close to nature right inside the shopping center.

<h2>Infrastructure and transport accessibility</h2>
<h3>Convenient location in a fast-growing district</h3>
Aviapark is located at <strong>4 Khodynsky Boulevard</strong> in the central part of Moscow. The Khodynskoye Field district is actively developing and becoming one of the most attractive areas of the capital. In September 2018, the new Khodynskoye Field city park, created according to a project by the Italian architectural bureau Land Milano, opened directly next to the shopping center.

Transport accessibility is ensured by the proximity of Leningradsky Avenue and the Third Ring Road. The complex is conveniently located for residents of different districts of Moscow.

<h3>CSKA metro station</h3>
In February 2018, the <strong>CSKA</strong> metro station opened near the shopping center. The metro exit is literally just a few steps from the main entrance to the complex. Although the shopping center and the metro station were designed simultaneously, they were not directly connected by an underground passage — the pedestrian route runs through the car park, entering via a side entrance.

<h3>Parking for 5 thousand cars</h3>
For visitors traveling by private car, there is a <strong>spacious two-level car park for 5 thousand parking spaces</strong>. Navigation is organized using convenient color and numerical zone markers.

Parking conditions are as follows:

<ul><li>the first two hours on weekdays are free</li>
<li>each subsequent hour on weekdays costs 50 rubles</li>
<li>on weekends and public holidays each hour costs 50 rubles</li>
<li>20 minutes are allocated free of charge for drop-off and entry</li></ul>
Special benefits are provided for large families, veterans of the Great Patriotic War, and people with disabilities. Customers of anchor tenants can take advantage of additional special offers.

<h2>Shops and shopping galleries — more than 400 brands</h2>
<h3>Anchor tenants</h3>
The six-story complex houses <strong>more than 415 stores</strong> of various formats. Among the anchor tenants are major federal and international chains:

<ul><li>Auchan hypermarket — the largest in Moscow with 53 thousand product items</li>
<li>OBI DIY hypermarket</li>
<li>Hoff furniture store</li>
<li>Swedish furniture giant IKEA</li>
<li>Stockmann department store with branded clothing</li>
<li>electronics and household appliances in M.Video and Eldorado</li>
<li>sports goods in Decathlon and Sportmaster</li>
<li>children’s goods in Detsky Mir</li></ul>
<h3>Fashion brands and clothing</h3>
The first and second floors of the mall offer a wide selection of clothing and footwear for the whole family. Here, affordable brands stand side by side with premium labels.

Popular international brands include:

<ul><li>H&M — a Swedish mono-brand chain occupying part of the first and second floors</li>
<li>Zara, Mango, Bershka, Pull&Bear, Stradivarius — Spanish brands</li>
<li>Uniqlo — a Japanese brand with functional clothing</li>
<li>Reserved, House — Polish chains</li>
<li>Marks &amp; Spencer, New Yorker — European brands</li></ul>
The premium segment is represented by boutiques Armani Exchange, Pinko, Max Mara, Brooks Brothers, Stefanel, Gerard Darel, Marella, and others.

Russian brands include Gloria Jeans, O'Stin, 12Storeez, Akhmadullina Dreams, Bosco Fresh.

<h3>Unique department store Trend Island</h3>
<strong>Trend Island department store</strong> deserves special attention — a unique retail zone with clothing and accessories from affordable brands. This conceptual space combines fashion trends with reasonable prices.

<h3>Footwear and accessories</h3>
Lovers of quality footwear will find stores of leading brands:

<ul><li>ECCO — a Danish brand with anatomically correct shoes</li>
<li>Geox — Italian breathable footwear</li>
<li>Pazolini, Baldinini — Italian premium brands</li>
<li>Zenden, Tervolina, Ekonika, Respect — Russian chains</li></ul>
Accessories are offered in numerous boutiques, including Robinzon with suitcases and backpacks, Piquadro with business bags, and Samsonite with reliable luggage.

<h3>Home goods and electronics</h3>
On the first floor are large two-level OBI and Hoff stores, where you can find everything you need for the home — from furniture to tools.

Fans of Scandinavian design will appreciate the IKEA store on the third floor. The range of home goods is complemented by Zara Home, Arya Home, and Cozy Home stores with textiles and decor.

A huge selection of digital and household appliances is offered by the federal chains M.Video and Eldorado. Mono-brand stores Samsung, Xiaomi, and Huawei will delight fans of specific smartphone and gadget manufacturers.

<h2>Entertainment for the whole family</h2>
<h3>KidZania children’s park</h3>
The main pride of Aviapark’s entertainment zone is the <strong>first KidZania children’s theme park in Russia</strong>. This is a unique edutainment space where children get acquainted with various professions in a playful format. Young visitors can try themselves as doctors, firefighters, pilots, journalists, and representatives of dozens of other specialties.

The park is open daily from 11:00 to 21:00 and enjoys huge popularity among Moscow families.

<h3>Karo Sky 17 cinema</h3>
On the top floor is one of the largest cinemas in Russia — <strong>Karo Sky 17 with 17 auditoriums</strong>. The total area of the cinema is 10 thousand square meters. Each auditorium is equipped with modern acoustic and projection systems and comfortable seats.

Four auditoriums offer enhanced comfort: three are in the business category and one is VIP. The cinema operates from 10:00 to 02:00, which allows visitors to watch late showings.

<h3>Active entertainment</h3>
For active leisure, Aviapark offers:

<ul><li>a year-round ice rink</li>
<li>a karting center for speed enthusiasts</li>
<li>the Aerotube attraction — a free-fall simulator</li>
<li>Mowgli trampoline center with 34 trampolines and a foam pit</li>
<li>PandaPark — a rope park for agility training</li></ul>
<h3>Quests and virtual reality</h3>

Fans of intellectual entertainment will appreciate:

<ul><li>Claustrophobia quest room with immersion into a haunted house or a medieval castle</li>
<li>Target VR shooting club</li>
<li>PlayVR virtual reality gaming halls</li>
<li>a mirror maze</li></ul>
<h3>Educational spaces</h3>

For children’s development, the following are available:

<ul><li>Bricks learning space</li>
<li>Kodabra programming and digital creativity school</li>
<li>Zamania, Opushka, and Pautinka play parks</li></ul>
<h2>Restaurants and cafés — 82 venues for every taste</h2>
More than <strong>80 food outlets</strong> operate in Aviapark — from small kiosks and a food court to full-service restaurants.

<h3>Fast food</h3>
For a quick snack, well-known fast-food chains are available:

<ul><li>McDonald's and Burger King with classic burgers</li>
<li>KFC with its famous chicken</li>
<li>Kroshka Kartoshka with baked potatoes</li>
<li>Ciao Pizza with quick pizza</li></ul>
<h3>Cafés and restaurants</h3>
For a full lunch or dinner, restaurants of various cuisines are open:

<ul><li>Torro Grill and Kebab Lab — grilled dishes</li>
<li>Sushi Market, Shikari, Edoko — Japanese cuisine</li>
<li>DimSum&amp;Co — Asian cuisine</li>
<li>Halal Barbecue — Eastern dishes</li></ul>
For lovers of coffee and desserts, numerous coffee shops and patisseries are open where you can relax during shopping.

<h2>Practical information for visitors</h2>
<h3>Opening hours</h3>
The shopping center is open daily:

<ul><li>Monday — Thursday, Sunday: from 10:00 to 22:00</li>
<li>Friday — Saturday: from 10:00 to 23:00</li></ul>
Anchor tenants have extended hours:

<ul><li>Auchan: from 08:00 to 00:00</li>
<li>OBI: from 08:00 to 24:00</li>
<li>Karo Sky 17 cinema: from 10:00 to 02:00</li>
<li>KidZania: from 11:00 to 21:00</li></ul>
Parking operates around the clock.

<h3>Services and facilities</h3>
The following are available on the premises of the complex:

<ul><li>ATMs of major banks — Sberbank, Raiffeisen, Alfa-Bank, Gazprombank</li>
<li>Qiwi and MKB payment terminals</li>
<li>beauty salons — 4Hands, Brow&amp;Go, Topgun, Ostrova</li>
<li>Kudryashka children’s hair salon</li>
<li>Zagoraem tanning studio</li>
<li>a medical station on the minus-first level</li>
<li>toilets and mother-and-child rooms on every floor</li></ul>
<h3>How to get there</h3>
<strong>By metro:</strong> CSKA station is located literally at the entrance to the shopping center. This is the most convenient way to get to Aviapark.

<strong>By MCC:</strong> you can travel to Zorge station and then transfer to bus number 318.

<strong>By bus and trolleybus:</strong> buses 105, 207, 318, 456, 818, 904, 905 and trolleybuses 65, 70, 82 go to the “Dynamo metro station” stop. From the stop to the shopping center is about 1.5 kilometers on foot.

<strong>By car:</strong> from the center of Moscow, the route is about eight kilometers along Leningradsky Avenue.

<strong>By taxi:</strong> all popular services are available — Yandex.Taxi, Uber, Gett, Citymobil.

<h2>Why you should visit Aviapark</h2>
The Aviapark shopping and entertainment center is a whole city under one roof. It is a place where everyone will find something to their liking — shopping lovers will appreciate the variety of stores from budget to premium, families with children can spend the whole day in the entertainment zones, and gourmets can try dishes from different world cuisines.

The unique aquarium with tropical fish, glass roof with natural lighting, modern architecture, and convenient infrastructure make a visit to Aviapark comfortable and memorable. The proximity of the metro station and the large free parking ensure convenient transport accessibility.

Aviapark is not just a shopping center, but a modern space for shopping, entertainment, and family recreation in the very heart of a dynamically developing district of Moscow.

Aviapark Shopping Mall

Moscow attracts millions of tourists every year — they come to explore its historic landmarks, feel the rhythm of the metropolis and, of course, do some shopping. Among the most popular shopping destinations in the capital, the «Evropeisky» shopping and entertainment center stands out — a unique space that combines retail, entertainment and gastronomy under one roof.

<h2>Location and transport accessibility</h2>
The «Evropeisky» shopping and entertainment complex occupies a strategic position between Dorogomilovskaya Street and Kievsky Railway Station Square. It is a rare example of a large shopping center located in the immediate vicinity of the center of Moscow, which makes it exceptionally convenient to visit.
    
<strong>Address:</strong> Moscow, Kievsky Railway Station Square, building 2.
    
The main landmark is Kievskaya metro station on the Circle Line — literally a one-minute walk from the metro exit. Every day the complex receives about 140,000 visitors, which makes it the most visited shopping center in Russia and the second most visited in the world after Dubai Mall.

<h3>How to get there by public transport</h3>
Getting to the «Evropeisky» shopping center is as easy as possible thanks to a well-developed transport infrastructure:
<ul><li>Kievskaya metro station (Circle Line) — exit directly to the shopping center</li><li>Bus routes: 91, 119, 205, 205K, 324, 394, 474, 791, 902</li><li>Trolleybus routes: 7, 17, 34, 34K</li><li>The “Kievsky Railway Station” stop is located right at the entrance to the complex</li></ul>
For those who prefer comfort, taxi services are available: Yandex.Taxi, Uber, Gett, Maxim, «Citymobil» and other operators.

<h3>Parking for cars</h3>
Owners of private vehicles can use a spacious car park for 1,200 cars located on the fifth and sixth floors of the building. Entry is organized via a spiral ramp. Parking is paid; payment is made through machines installed next to the panoramic elevators. On weekends queues are possible due to high occupancy.

<h2>History of the shopping center</h2>
The history of the place where «Evropeisky» now rises dates back to the 1970s, when there was a small park here. In the 1990s the area was occupied by the large wholesale market «Kitezh», which became a landmark place for Muscovites. In 1995 the Moscow city administration decided to redevelop the territory between Kievsky Railway Station and the Berezhkovskaya Embankment. The project attracted entrepreneurs associated with the Elektronnaya Yarmarka at Rizhskaya and the Cherkizovsky market. Construction started in 2002 and lasted four years. Delays were connected with legal proceedings — supervisory authorities expressed concern about the safety of the construction work and identified violations. Despite the difficulties, in 2006 the complex opened its doors to its first visitors. Since its opening, «Evropeisky» has been the subject of debate in the architectural community. Critics argue that the building disrupted the established architectural ensemble of the square, visually overwhelmed the classical building of Kievsky Railway Station and increased the load on the transport system of the area. Supporters of the project, on the contrary, consider the shopping center an organic continuation of the commercial tradition of this place.

<h2>Architectural features and layout</h2>
The design of the shopping center was created by architect Yuri Platonov, inspired by the principle of traditional Russian shopping arcades. The building has an unusual triangular shape and occupies an impressive area of 180,000 square meters.

<h3>Structure of the complex</h3>
The complex consists of eight levels:
<ul><li>Two underground floors</li><li>Six above-ground floors</li><li>Two floors are allocated for parking (5th and 6th levels)</li><li>Nine entrances, one of which is connected directly to the metro</li></ul>

<h3>The concept of five European capitals</h3>
The interior space is organized around five atriums, each dedicated to a particular capital: <strong>«Moscow», «Paris», «Rome», «Berlin» and «London»</strong>. The central atrium «Moscow» serves as the starting point, from which wide shopping streets radiate like rays to the other atriums. Each atrium is decorated in accordance with the architectural traditions of its respective capital. Visitors can see themed sculptures, plant compositions and small architectural forms. Navigation screens on each floor help visitors orient themselves in the vast shopping area.

The facade of the building is eclectic: metal and glass towers, decorative columns, advertising structures, massive semi-circular canopies and bright illumination create a modern, dynamic image.

<h2>Shops and brands</h2>
«Evropeisky» houses about 500 stores occupying 63,000 square meters of retail space. The retail units are distributed across the floors according to the type of goods.

<h3>Distribution by floors</h3>
<strong>Ground and first levels:</strong> shoes, accessories, fur products, jewelry, cosmetics, perfumery, beauty products, electronics, the «Perekrestok» supermarket.
<strong>Second floor:</strong> women’s and men’s clothing, underwear.
<strong>Third floor:</strong> casual and sportswear, anchor tenants M.Video and «Sportmaster».
<strong>Fourth floor:</strong> children’s clothing and shoes, toys, children’s goods, food court.

<h3>Clothing and accessories</h3>
Both international and Russian brands are represented:
<ul><li>International brands: Zara, Mango, Bershka, Stradivarius, H&M, Calvin Klein Jeans, Tommy Hilfiger, Lacoste, Massimo Dutti, Hugo Boss</li><li>Sportswear: Nike, Adidas, Puma, New Balance, Under Armour, Vans</li><li>Youth fashion: Pull&Bear, Topshop, Bershka, Colin's</li><li>Children’s clothing: Mothercare, Gulliver, «Imperiya Detstva», «Snezhnaya Koroleva»</li></ul>
<h3>Shoes and accessories</h3>
There is a wide selection of shoe stores and accessory salons:
<ul><li>Ecco, Geox, Tervolina, Mascotte, Ralf Ringer, «Ekonika»</li><li>Premium segment: Baldinini, Casadei, Fabi</li><li>Bags and leather goods: Furla, Michael Kors, Samsonite, Piquadro</li><li>Sports shoes: Nike, Adidas, Reebok, New Balance</li></ul>
<h3>Beauty and health</h3>
Cosmetics stores and perfume boutiques:
<ul><li>Niche perfumery: Jo Malone, «Biblioteka Aromatov», Chanel</li><li>Chain stores: «L'Etoile», «Rive Gauche», «Zolotoe Yabloko», Sephora</li><li>Natural cosmetics: Lush, L'Occitane, The Body Shop, Organic Shop, Natura Siberica</li><li>Professional cosmetics: MAC, Bobbi Brown, NYX, Inglot</li></ul>
<h3>Jewelry and watches</h3>
<ul><li>Jewelry: Sokolov, Sunlight, Pandora, «Moskovsky Yuvelirny Zavod», «Karat»</li><li>Watch boutiques: Tissot, Swatch, «Chasovykh Del Master»</li></ul>
<h3>Home goods and gifts</h3>
<ul><li>Textiles and decor: Zara Home, Togas, H&M Home</li><li>Tableware and kitchenware: Fissman, Kasumi, Cook House</li><li>Gifts and souvenirs: «Krasny Kub», «Soldat Udachi», Montblanc</li></ul>

<h3>Children’s goods and toys</h3>
<ul><li>Toy stores: Hamleys, Lego, «Gorod Igrushek», Imaginarium</li><li>Goods for newborns: Mothercare, «Dochki-Synochki»</li><li>Pet products: Le'Murrr</li></ul>
<h3>Electronics and appliances</h3>
<ul><li>Large appliances: M.Video, «Technopark»</li><li>Gadgets: Re:Store (Apple products), Samsung, Sony</li><li>Mobile operators: MTS, Beeline, Megafon, Tele2, Yota</li></ul>
The shopping center regularly holds sales and promotions — up-to-date information about discounts can be found on the official website of the complex.

<h2>Restaurants and cafés</h2>
The gastronomic component of «Evropeisky» impresses with its diversity — about 50 food outlets represent cuisines from different countries of the world.

<h3>Food court on the fourth floor</h3>
The food court brings together fast food outlets with a wide selection of dishes:
<ul><li>Burger joints: Burger King, Black Star Burger, JD Burgers</li><li>Pizza and Italian cuisine: Pizza Bruno, Bolognetta</li><li>Asian cuisine: «Vokker», «Yakitoria», Sushilka, «Kimchi & WOK»</li><li>Russian cuisine: «Teremok», «Varenichnaya № 1», «Kroshka Kartoshka»</li></ul>
<h3>Coffee shops and pastry shops</h3>
<ul><li>International chains: Starbucks, Costa Coffee, Coffeeshop Company</li><li>Russian brands: «Kofe Khauz», «Shokoladnitsa», Cofix</li><li>Desserts: Cinnabon, Krispy Kreme, «Mindal»</li></ul>
<h3>Restaurants</h3>
<ul><li>Caucasian cuisine: «Chaikhona № 1»</li><li>Pan-Asian cuisine: «Vabi Sabi», Marketplace</li><li>European cuisine: Craft Kitchen, «Akademiya»</li></ul>
A new format is the Depo food mall with more than 10 corners offering cuisine from various countries — from Asian to Italian and Caucasian.

<h2>Entertainment and leisure</h2>

<h3>Cinemas</h3>
<strong>«Formula Kino»</strong> is located on the third and fourth floors of the complex. The chain is recognized as one of the best in the two capitals. Nine auditoriums are equipped with modern equipment, including Dolby Atmos. Premieres of the most anticipated films are shown here.
<strong>«Formula Kino Prime»</strong> is a premium format with three auditoriums for 174 seats. Viewers can enjoy large soft transforming armchairs with tables, the possibility of ordering food and drinks directly to the hall, and a lounge area with a café. IMAX and 3D formats are available.

<h3>Family amusement park</h3>
<strong>Park «Kosmik»</strong> (formerly Joki Joya) on the seventh floor offers entertainment for the whole family:
<ul><li>A year-round ice rink with skate rental and instructor services</li><li>A children’s entertainment center with one of the largest labyrinths in Russia</li><li>A mini climbing wall for young climbers</li><li>A rope park for active recreation</li><li>Laser tag for team battles</li><li>Bowling with modern equipment</li><li>A bumper-car area and various attractions</li><li>Video games and simulators</li><li>Air hockey tables</li></ul>
The center has a separate area for children from four years old, staffed by qualified instructors.

<h3>Amstel Pub & bowling</h3>
While children enjoy the attractions, parents can relax in the pub, enjoy European cuisine and watch sports broadcasts or play bowling.

<h2>Services and amenities</h2>
The infrastructure of the shopping center includes numerous service points:

<h3>Banking services</h3>
<ul><li>Bank branches: Sberbank, Gazprombank, Alfa-Bank, Tinkoff</li><li>ATMs of major Russian banks</li><li>Currency exchange offices</li><li>Money transfers via the Unistream system</li></ul>
<h3>Beauty and care salons</h3>
<ul><li>Professional studios: Aveda Professional, Prive 7 Beauty Express</li><li>Express services: Manicure and Pedicure Express, Brow Up! & Make Up</li><li>Depilation and cosmetology salons</li></ul>
<h3>Household services</h3>
<ul><li>Dry cleaners: «Kontrast», «Shik i Blesk»</li><li>Repair workshops</li><li>Tailor’s shops and clothing alterations</li><li>Key cutting</li></ul>
<h3>Other services</h3>
<ul><li>Coral Travel travel agency</li><li>«My Documents» public services center</li><li>De Luxe-class «Evropeisky» banquet hall</li><li>Frame workshop</li><li>Massage chairs</li></ul>
<h2>Opening hours</h2>
The shopping center operates according to the following schedule:
<ul><li>Monday–Thursday: 10:00–22:00</li><li>Friday–Saturday: 10:00–23:00</li><li>Sunday: 10:00–22:00</li></ul>
Individual venues may have their own opening hours — please check the information on the official website or by phone: +7 (495) 921-34-44, +7 (495) 921-44-44.

<h2>Contact information</h2>
<strong>Official website:</strong> europe-tc.ru<br>
<strong>Social networks:</strong> VKontakte, Instagram<br>
<strong>Phone numbers:</strong> +7 (495) 921-34-44, +7 (495) 921-44-44

<h2>Practical tips for visitors</h2>
<ul><li>Use the navigation screens on each floor — they will help you quickly find the store or service you need</li><li>Download the shopping center map from the official website before your visit</li><li>On weekends, arrive early — the car park may be full</li><li>Use the direct exit from the metro so you don’t have to go outside in bad weather</li><li>Follow promotions and sales on the official website — many stores regularly run special offers</li><li>Plan your visit taking into account the entertainment program — the cinema and amusement park require additional time</li></ul>
<h2>Conclusion</h2>
The «Evropeisky» shopping center is more than just a place for shopping. It is a multifunctional space where shopping, entertainment, gastronomy and services are harmoniously combined. The unique concept of five European capitals, the variety of shops and brands, modern cinemas and the family amusement park make the complex an ideal place to spend an entire day. Its convenient location next to Kievskaya metro station and Kievsky Railway Station makes «Evropeisky» a must-visit point on the map for both Muscovites and visitors to the capital. Regardless of the purpose of your visit — whether it is buying clothes from famous brands, a family trip to the cinema or dinner in a restaurant — the shopping center offers everything you need under one roof.

Evropeisky Shopping Mall

The <strong>Afimall City</strong> shopping and entertainment center is one of the largest shopping venues in the capital. Opened in <strong>May 2011</strong>, the complex is located on the territory of the Moscow International Business Center and has become an integral part of the Moscow-City architectural ensemble. The center occupies an impressive area of <strong>283,182 square meters</strong> and includes more than 400 shops, restaurants and entertainment facilities.

Every day more than <strong>65,000 visitors</strong> pass through the doors of the shopping and entertainment center, and on holidays this number rises to 110,000 people. Such high attendance makes Afimall City one of the most popular places for shopping and leisure in the Russian capital.

<h2>Architecture and location</h2>
<strong>Afimall City</strong> is located at: <strong>2, Presnenskaya Embankment</strong>. The building of the shopping center is part of the so-called Central Core of Moscow-City, adjacent to the Novotel hotel and the Sensorium Hall cinema and concert venue.

The architectural concept of the complex was developed by the Moscow State Unitary Enterprise “Mosproject-2” named after M.V. Posokhin. The building has <strong>6 above-ground floors</strong> and reaches a height of <strong>53 meters</strong>. One of the main architectural features is a grand glass dome with an area of 10,000 square meters, which offers a panoramic view of the skyscrapers of the business district.

For a long time, a unique light and music fountain <strong>32 meters</strong> high operated in the central atrium under the dome — the tallest indoor fountain in the world. In 2024, it was replaced by the futuristic installation “Tree of Life”, created from 64 holographic fans that form the effect of floating 3D content in the air.

<h3>How to get to the shopping center</h3>
The location of Afimall City provides excellent transport accessibility. You can reach the center in several ways:
<ul><li>From metro station <strong>"Vystavochnaya"</strong> — direct access to the shopping galleries</li><li>From metro station <strong>"Delovoy Tsentr"</strong> — there is also a passage into the center’s building</li><li>From metro station <strong>"Mezhdunarodnaya"</strong> — a short walk between the skyscrapers</li><li>By car via the Third Transport Ring, New Arbat, the Garden Ring or Kutuzovsky Prospekt</li></ul>
<h2>History of creation and development</h2>
Construction of the shopping center began in <strong>2006</strong> on plots 7 and 8B of the Moscow-City territory. Originally, according to the project of architect B.I. Thor, this site was intended for a large park, but the development concept was later changed.

The developer of the project was <strong>AFI Development</strong>, owned by Israeli billionaire and diamond magnate Lev Leviev. Construction work lasted six years, and in May 2011 the complex was put into operation. Afimall City became AFI Development’s flagship project and the largest commercial property in the company’s portfolio.

At the time of opening, the space of the center was divided into four themed zones, each designed in accordance with a particular season of the year.

<h3>Changes in ownership</h3>
In <strong>October 2022</strong>, important changes took place in the ownership structure of the shopping center. The Federal Antimonopoly Service of Russia approved a deal for the acquisition of the management company. LLC “Sberezheniya Plyus”, which owns the building of the shopping center, bought out LLC “Belgate Constructions Limited”, which was responsible for managing the complex.

The regulator concluded that this transaction would not have a negative impact on competition in the retail rental market.

<h3>Modernization and improvements</h3>
Since its opening, Afimall City has undergone significant improvements, transforming it from an ordinary shopping center into a multifunctional social and cultural venue:
<ol><li>A <strong>reconceptualization of the central atrium</strong> was carried out — shifting the facade line of the stores increased their size and improved the illumination of the premises</li><li>An <strong>interactive navigation system</strong> with elements of gamification and streaming video was introduced, making it possible to create 3D routes to desired locations</li><li>A personalized <strong>AFICLUB loyalty program</strong> was launched, where visitors accumulate points for purchases and exchange them for gifts</li><li>Regular thematic events were organized, targeting the successful and affluent audience of Moscow-City residents</li></ol>

In October 2022, it was announced that a new luxury goods department store with an area of <strong>2.9 thousand square meters</strong> would open on the site of the former H&M store. Mikhail Molchanov, founder of the “Blind Chicken” chain, confirmed that the department store representing Gucci, Valentino and Balenciaga brands opened in June 2023.

<h2>What the shopping center offers visitors</h2>
<h3>Retail outlets and brands</h3>
More than <strong>450 retail outlets</strong> operate in Afimall City, representing a wide range of international and Russian brands. The assortment covers various product categories:
<ul><li>Clothing and accessories for adults</li><li>Children’s collections of international brands</li><li>Footwear and bags</li><li>Cosmetics and perfumery</li><li>Electronics and household appliances</li><li>Goods for the home and interior</li></ul>
Most stores are aimed at modern, active and successful people, which corresponds to the concept of the shopping center and its target audience.

<h3>Restaurants and cafés</h3>
The gastronomic diversity of Afimall City is represented by numerous cafés and restaurants offering various world cuisines. Visitors can choose a place for any taste — from casual fast-food outlets to sophisticated fine dining restaurants.

<h3>Entertainment and leisure</h3>
The shopping center offers a variety of entertainment options for the whole family:
<ul><li><strong>Multiplex cinema</strong> with a modern multifunctional cinema system</li><li><strong>Children’s entertainment center</strong> on the fourth floor with engaging attractions and arcade machines</li><li><strong>Bowling</strong> for active recreation</li><li><strong>Ice rink</strong> for fans of winter sports</li><li><strong>Exhibition spaces</strong> for cultural events</li><li>Regular fashion shows, concerts and children’s parties</li></ul>
<h2>Parking and infrastructure</h2>
Afimall City has a <strong>four-level underground parking garage</strong> designed for <strong>2,700–2,750 parking spaces</strong>. The parking operates around the clock and is equipped with a modern security system.

Parking fees range from 100 to 200 rubles per hour depending on the time of day. The first <strong>15 minutes of parking are free</strong>, which is convenient for visitors coming for a short time.

The well-thought-out infrastructure of the center includes comfortable recreation areas, modern elevators and escalators, and comfortable sanitary facilities, making a visit to the shopping center as comfortable as possible for visitors of any age.

<h2>Incidents</h2>
Over the years of operation, several incidents have occurred in the shopping center that have attracted media attention.

On <strong>16 September 2024</strong>, REN TV reported that an elevator had fallen in the unloading area, as a result of which three people were reportedly injured but were able to get out on their own. However, the owners of the shopping center and AFI Development denied this information, stating that the complex’s technical service had not recorded any malfunctions.

On <strong>23 April 2025</strong>, a fire broke out in Afimall. Initially, the Moscow office of the Ministry of Emergency Situations reported a car fire in the parking lot, preceded by an explosion. Later this information was refuted — construction materials were burning on a site along the administrative building of the shopping center. The fire was quickly contained; no casualties were reported.

<h2>Financial performance</h2>
According to Forbes, in 2021 AFI Development earned about <strong>135 million dollars</strong> from renting out all its properties. In 2016 Lev Leviev reported that VTB Bank had claims against the company over loans, but the parties reached an agreement on debt restructuring.

The successful operation of the shopping center and its high attendance confirm the effectiveness of the chosen development strategy, which places special emphasis on creating a cozy atmosphere and using visitor feedback to continuously improve service.

<h2>Afimall City today</h2>
Today <strong>Afimall City</strong> is not just a shopping center, but a full-fledged space for comfortable leisure, shopping and entertainment. The center has become an important part of the Moscow-City infrastructure and one of the symbols of the modern capital.

Thanks to its convenient location, variety of shops and entertainment, well-designed infrastructure and regular cultural events, Afimall City remains one of the most visited shopping centers in Moscow. The complex continues to develop, adapting to the changing needs of its audience and modern trends in retail and entertainment.

Afimall City

Mega Belaya Dacha shopping center is a large-scale shopping and entertainment complex located in the town of Kotelniki in the Moscow Region. This hypermarket ranks second in Europe in terms of retail area and is a real find for lovers of shopping, entertainment and family leisure. Opened between 2006 and 2007, the complex became the result of a joint project of the Russian company Belaya Dacha and the Swedish giant IKEA.

<strong>The total area of the shopping center is 303 thousand square meters</strong>, of which 225 thousand are allocated for leasable premises. The complex consists of two large buildings, which are connected by a modern covered overhead walkway. After reconstruction in 2015, this passage was transformed into a shopping gallery with cafés, panoramic views and lounge areas.

<h2>Location and transport accessibility</h2>
The shopping center is located in the southeast of the metropolitan region, at: 1st Pokrovsky Proyezd, building 5, at the 14th kilometer of the MKAD on the outer side. Thanks to its convenient location, the complex is easily accessible both for residents of Moscow and for guests from nearby towns of the Moscow Region.

<h3>How to get there by metro and public transport</h3>
The nearest metro station is <strong>Kotelniki</strong> on the Tagansko-Krasnopresnenskaya line. From the station to the shopping center you can get in several ways:
<ul><li>Bus routes No. 655k, 739a, 739k, s710 depart from the “Belaya Dacha” stop</li><li>Minibuses 4k, 591, 872k, 943k, 1121, 1121k, 1260k go directly to the complex</li><li>Special bus routes run from the metro stations Kuzminki, Lyublino and Vykhino</li></ul>
For car owners, there is a spacious parking area for <strong>8,500–9,100 cars</strong>, including both covered and open sections with a total area of more than 308 thousand square meters.

<h2>Shopping center opening hours</h2>
Convenient opening hours allow visitors to plan their shopping on any day of the week:
<ul><li>Monday–Thursday: from 10:00 to 22:00</li><li>Friday–Sunday: from 10:00 to 23:00</li></ul>
<h3>Key store opening hours</h3>
<ul><li><strong>Auchan hypermarket</strong> — daily from 08:00 to 23:00</li><li><strong>OBI home improvement hypermarket</strong> — daily from 08:00 to 23:00</li><li><strong>Cinema Park movie theater</strong> — daily from 10:00 to 04:30</li></ul>
<h2>Stores and brands at MEGA Belaya Dacha</h2>
The shopping complex features <strong>more than 265 stores</strong> covering almost all product categories. The range includes well-known Russian and international brands capable of meeting the demands of the most discerning customers.

<h3>Anchor tenants</h3>
The largest areas are occupied by the key partners of the shopping center:
<ol><li><strong>IKEA</strong> — furniture and home goods on an area of 37,700 square meters</li><li><strong>Auchan</strong> — grocery hypermarket with an area of 22,850 square meters</li><li><strong>OBI</strong> — construction and household goods on 17,000 square meters</li><li><strong>Stockmann</strong> — international department store with clothing and accessories</li><li><strong>M.Video and Eldorado</strong> — major consumer electronics and home appliance stores</li></ol>
<h3>Fashion clothing and footwear brands</h3>
<ul><li>Befree, Bershka, H&M, Mango, O'STIN — affordable everyday clothing brands</li><li>Gloria Jeans, Love Republic, GEOX — popular chain brands</li><li>Calvin Klein Jeans, DKNY, Guess, Lacoste — premium brands</li><li>Bosco Sport, Adidas — sportswear and footwear</li><li>Ralf Ringer, Rendez-Vous — specialized footwear stores</li></ul>
<h3>Specialized stores</h3>
The shopping center offers a wide selection of goods for various needs:
<ul><li><strong>Underwear and swimwear:</strong> Calzedonia, Incanto, Intimissimi, La Senza</li><li><strong>Jewelry and watches:</strong> Sokolov, Sunlight</li><li><strong>Bags and accessories:</strong> Redmond, Mr. Sumkin, LABBRA, Lady Collection</li><li><strong>Children’s goods:</strong> Gulliver, ACOOLA, Beba Kids, Detsky Mir, Mothercare</li><li><strong>Sporting goods:</strong> Sportmaster, Amazing Red, Decathlon</li><li><strong>Books and music:</strong> Chitai-Gorod</li><li><strong>Beauty and health:</strong> Yves Rocher, L'Etoile, Korea Market, L'Occitane</li><li><strong>Optics:</strong> Linzmaster, Ochkarnik</li><li><strong>Pharmacies:</strong> 36.6, Doctor Stoletov</li><li><strong>Pet products:</strong> Beethoven</li></ul>
<h2>Cinema Park movie theater — a modern entertainment complex</h2>
On the second floor of one of the buildings there is an impressive movie theater designed in a hi-tech style. It is one of the most technologically advanced cinemas in the Moscow Region with impressive specifications.

<h3>Technical features of the movie theater</h3>
<ul><li><strong>15 modern auditoriums</strong> with a total capacity of more than 3,700 viewers</li><li><strong>Premium IMAX auditorium</strong> with 319 seats and a giant screen</li><li><strong>10 auditoriums with Real 3D technology</strong> for immersive images</li><li><strong>2 DELUXE auditoriums</strong> with extra-comfort seats</li><li><strong>Dolby Digital Surround EX</strong> sound system in all auditoriums</li><li>Climate control, air conditioning and ventilation</li><li>Specially equipped seats for people with disabilities</li><li>Arcade and entertainment area</li></ul>
The theater area includes a café and a bar where you can buy popcorn, drinks and other snacks. Showtimes and ticket booking are available on the official website.

<h2>Entertainment and leisure for the whole family</h2>
In addition to shopping and the movie theater, MEGA Belaya Dacha offers a variety of entertainment options:
<ul><li><strong>Joki Joya family activity park</strong> — play area for children of different ages</li><li><strong>Crazy Park amusement center</strong> — attractions and arcade games</li><li><strong>Kosmik bowling and billiards club</strong> — a place to relax with friends</li><li><strong>Ice rink</strong> — seasonal entertainment for ice-skating lovers</li><li><strong>Kids' club “City of Little Chefs”</strong> — educational activities and workshops</li></ul>
<h3>Community center “Culture at Height”</h3>
After the reconstruction of the pedestrian bridge between the buildings, a unique space with a free library, coworking area and relaxation zones opened here. Visitors can enjoy panoramic views while working in a comfortable environment or reading books.

<h2>Events and program</h2>
The shopping center regularly organizes various events for visitors of all ages:

<h3>For children</h3>
<ul><li>Free watercolor drawing classes “Let’s Draw Together!” with prior registration</li><li>Entertainment programs and workshops</li><li>Festive events and meetings with characters</li></ul>
<h3>For adults</h3>
<ul><li>Fitness club classes for senior citizens to maintain a healthy lifestyle</li><li>Educational lectures on sustainable fashion and food blogging</li><li>Meetings with psychologists on gaining self-confidence</li><li>Charity events, including collection of clothes for the Second Breath foundation</li></ul>
The current event schedule is always available on the official website of the shopping center.

<h2>Additional services</h2>
MEGA Belaya Dacha is not only about shopping and entertainment but also offers a full range of services for visitors’ convenience:
<ul><li>Restaurants, cafés and a food court with a variety of cuisines</li><li>Beauty salons and nail studios</li><li>Dry cleaning and clothing repair</li><li>Bank branches and ATMs</li><li>Travel agencies</li><li>Mobile services: re:Store, Samsung, Tele2</li><li>Relaxation rooms for visitors</li></ul>
<h2>Jobs and employment</h2>
As one of the largest employers in the region, the <strong>shopping center offers numerous job vacancies</strong> in various fields. To apply for a job, you need to fill out an online application form on MEGA’s official website. After reviewing the application, an HR specialist will contact the candidate to arrange an interview.

<h2>History and development</h2>
Construction of the shopping complex began in the summer of 2004 and was carried out in three stages. The final opening of the second phase took place on November 29, 2007. <strong>The total investment in the project amounted to 12 billion rubles</strong>. Reconstruction of the pedestrian bridge in 2015 cost 230 million rubles and increased the leasable area by 800 square meters. About 12 million people use the passage annually. The owners plan further expansion of the complex, increasing the area of the IKEA store and building a 2-kilometer-long funicular from the nearest metro station.

<h2>Contact information</h2>
<ul><li><strong>Address:</strong> Moscow Region, Kotelniki, 1st Pokrovsky Proyezd, building 5 (14th km of the MKAD)</li><li><strong>Phone:</strong> +7 (800) 707-10-44</li><li><strong>Official website:</strong> mega.ru</li><li><strong>Coordinates:</strong> 55.654780, 37.844592</li></ul>
<h2>Why you should visit MEGA Belaya Dacha</h2>
The shopping center attracts about <strong>39 million visitors annually</strong> thanks to a unique combination of factors:
<ol><li>The second largest shopping center in Europe with a huge selection of goods</li><li>Convenient location with excellent transport accessibility</li><li>Modern entertainment and leisure infrastructure</li><li>Comfortable conditions for family recreation</li><li>Regular promotions, discounts and special offers</li><li>Spacious free parking</li></ol>
MEGA Belaya Dacha is a universal destination where everyone will find something for themselves: from everyday shopping to a full-fledged family weekend getaway.

Mega Belaya Dacha Shopping Center

 <strong>Metropolis Shopping Mall</strong> is one of the largest malls in the capital, located on Leningradskoye Highway just fifteen minutes’ drive from the center of Moscow. The complex, with an area of over 200,000 square meters, brings together more than 250 retail outlets and food service establishments, attracting around 24 million visitors annually.

<h2>History of the Shopping Complex</h2>
Until the early 2000s, the site was occupied by the Voykov Cast Iron Foundry, later renamed Rubikon Nord CJSC. In 2004, the 13-hectare plot was acquired by Capital Partners, which initiated the construction of a multifunctional complex.
        
The architectural bureau ABD architects developed the design of the modern shopping center, whose distinctive feature is an almost completely glass façade. This solution makes it possible to view shop windows both from inside the building and from the outside. The mall opened in 2009.
        
<h3>Expansion and Modernization</h3>
A significant stage in its development was the August 2016 expansion, when a new four-storey wing with a total area of 65,000 square meters was added to the main building. The renovated space included not only retail areas but also a winter garden with a swimming pool. At the same time as the opening of MCC Baltiyskaya station, a direct covered walkway was opened, linking the transport hub with the shopping center.

<h2>How to Get to the Metropolis Shopping Mall</h2>
The mall’s convenient location provides easy access by various modes of transport. Visitors can choose the optimal route depending on their point of departure.
        
<h3>Public Transport</h3>
<ul><li>Voykovskaya metro station on the Zamoskvoretskaya line is only 300 meters from the entrance</li><li>MCC Baltiyskaya station is connected to the mall by a covered walkway</li><li>The ground transport stop Metro Voykovskaya is served by buses and trolleybuses</li></ul>
<h3>Private Car</h3>
Parking areas for motorists are provided at 16A Leningradskoye Highway, Building 4. The complex has a multilevel 24-hour car park and an underground parking lot operating from 10:00 to 23:00. The total number of parking spaces exceeds 4,000.

<h2>Shopping Galleries and Stores</h2>
Metropolis implements a Mix&Match concept, allowing visitors to combine brands from different price segments to create an individual style. Three floors of shopping galleries feature about 360 stores and restaurants.
        
<h3>Range of Brands</h3>
<ul><li>International fashion brands of clothing and accessories</li><li>Sports stores with apparel and equipment</li><li>More than 20 specialized children’s stores</li><li>Products for home and interior</li><li>Electronics and gadgets</li></ul>
It was Metropolis that became the venue for the first Russian stores of brands such as H&M, & Other Stories, UNOde50 and Scotch & Soda. The shopping space concept provides for strict standards for the placement and presentation of tenants.

<h2>Restaurants and Food Court</h2>      
The mall’s gastronomic diversity is represented by more than 50 venues of various formats. The highest concentration of cafés and restaurants is on the third floor in the food court area.
        
<strong>Venue formats:</strong>
        
<ul><li>Fast food restaurants of international chains</li><li>National cafés with traditional cuisine</li><li>Patisseries and ice cream cafés</li><li>Steakhouses and themed restaurants</li><li>Café–bakeries with signature baked goods</li></ul>
Visitors can enjoy European, Asian and Russian cuisine, choose desserts in patisseries or grab a bite at casual fast food outlets.

<h2>Entertainment and Leisure at Metropolis</h2>
The shopping center offers a wide range of leisure options for visitors of all ages. In addition to shopping, guests can visit the cinema, amusement parks and sports areas.
        
<h3>Cinema Park DeLUXE Cinema</h3>
The modern cinema complex includes 12 auditoriums equipped with the latest technology. Opening hours: Monday to Thursday and Sunday from 10:00 to 02:30, on Fridays, Saturdays and public holidays from 10:00 to 04:00. Tickets can be purchased online on the mall’s official website without additional fees.
        
<h3>Funky World Family Amusement Park</h3>
On the third floor there is a children’s amusement park offering:
        
<ul><li>Attractions for different age groups</li><li>A playground with a multi-level maze</li><li>A nursery area for toddlers</li><li>A learning and development zone for preschoolers</li></ul>
Park opening hours: daily from 10:00 to 22:00.
        
<h3>Atmosfera Sports and Entertainment Complex</h3>
This unique space for active recreation includes a trampoline park, a Nerf arena, a climbing wall and an obstacle course. A three-level maze, a pirate ship with air cannons and air hockey make a visit an unforgettable adventure.
        
<h3>Motorcity Grand Auto Town</h3>
The children’s area with electric cars recreates a real urban infrastructure with a car wash, filling station and bank. Motorchiki Street, Construction Zone and Firefighting Station turn a visit into an educational game. It is an ideal place for children’s parties.
        
<h3>Additional Entertainment</h3>
<ul><li>Champion bowling alley with modern lanes</li><li>A karaoke bar for fun parties</li><li>Respublica bookstore with a unique spatial concept</li></ul>
<h2>Environmental Initiatives</h2>
Metropolis demonstrates a responsible approach to the environment by placing containers for separate waste collection on the grounds of the complex. Visitors can bring the following for recycling:
        
<ol><li>Clothing and textiles</li><li>Batteries and accumulators</li><li>Electronic cigarettes</li><li>Plastic caps</li><li>Toothbrushes</li><li>Receipts</li></ol>
Many stores in the shopping center also accept clothing for recycling. Detailed information about all environmental programs is available on the mall’s official website in the Eco Initiatives section.

<h2>Metropolis Mall Opening Hours</h2>
The shopping center is open daily from 10:00 to 23:00, providing comfortable conditions for visits on any day of the week. Different areas of the complex have their own schedules:
        
<ul><li><strong>Shopping galleries:</strong> 10:00 - 23:00</li><li><strong>Food court:</strong> 10:00 - 23:00</li><li><strong>Perekrestok Hyper:</strong> 10:00 - 03:00</li><li><strong>Cinema:</strong> 10:00 - 02:30 (weekdays), 10:00 - 04:00 (weekends)</li><li><strong>Bowling:</strong> 11:00 - 03:00 (weekdays), 11:00 - 05:30 (weekends)</li><li><strong>Amusement parks:</strong> 10:00 - 22:00/23:00</li></ul>
<h2>Practical Information</h2>
<h3>Contact Details</h3>
<strong>Address:</strong> 16A Leningradskoye Highway, Building 4, Moscow, 125171<br>
<strong>Telephone:</strong> +7 495 660 88 88<br>
<strong>Official website:</strong> metropolis.moscow
        
<h3>Services and Facilities</h3>
On the official website of the shopping center, visitors can:
        
<ul><li>View the full list of stores and restaurants</li><li>Browse an interactive floor plan</li><li>Find out about current promotions and sales</li><li>Get information about the loyalty program</li><li>Purchase cinema tickets online</li></ul>
The complex provides comfortable conditions for all categories of visitors, including families with children, business people and tourists who wish to combine shopping with cultural leisure.

<h2>Architectural Features</h2>
The futuristic appearance of the shopping center was created by the architectural company ABD architects. The total area of the Metropolis multifunctional complex is 311,000 square meters, including three office towers ranging from 9 to 11 storeys high.
        
The building’s glass façade creates a sense of lightness and transparency, filling the interior spaces with natural light. Wide galleries and spacious atriums create a comfortable atmosphere for long walks around the shopping center.
        
The covered retail areas occupy 82,000 square meters, allowing hundreds of stores of various formats to be accommodated. The architectural solution ensures convenient navigation and a logical distribution of shopping zones across the floors.

<h2>Why You Should Visit Metropolis</h2>
Metropolis shopping mall is a full-fledged city of entertainment and shopping under one roof. Its convenient location near Voykovskaya metro station, a huge selection of stores from affordable to premium segments and a variety of entertainment options for the whole family make it an ideal place to spend a day off.
        
Modern infrastructure, environmental initiatives, spacious parking areas and high-quality service ensure a comfortable visit at any time of year. Metropolis continues to be one of the most popular shopping centers in Moscow, offering visitors a unique combination of shopping, entertainment and gastronomy.

Metropolis Shopping Mall

Riviera shopping and entertainment center is a large-scale complex located between the picturesque Moskva River and the busy Third Ring Road. The building of the shopping center stands out with its unusual architecture — its facade features wave-like curves with modern lighting solutions that resemble river waves. The complex brings together under one roof almost 120 stores of leading Russian and international brands, more than 30 food and beverage outlets, a multi-screen cinema, a fitness club, and an impressive range of entertainment options for the whole family.

<h3>Contact information and opening hours</h3>
<strong>Address:</strong> Moscow, Avtozavodskaya Street, 18<br>
<strong>Opening hours:</strong> daily from 10:00 to 22:00<br>
<strong>Phone:</strong> +7 495 269-99-99<br>
<strong>Official website:</strong> riviera.su

<h2>History of the construction of Riviera shopping center</h2>
The construction of the shopping and entertainment complex lasted almost ten years. Initially, the project on the territory of the former Likhachev Plant was announced in 2006 under the name “River Mall”. However, the 2008 economic crisis forced the project to be frozen. A year later, work resumed, but soon the first developer faced difficulties and was unable to continue implementing the concept.
        
A new stage of development began in 2014, when the Horus Group of companies took over the project. The concept of the shopping center was completely revised in line with current market trends, which led to the name being changed to “Riviera”. According to various estimates, total investment in construction and finishing exceeded 250 million US dollars. The technical opening took place on April 15, 2016, and full occupancy by tenants was completed during the following year.

<h2>Characteristics and scale of the complex</h2>
Riviera shopping center impresses with its size and well-thought-out layout. The total area of the complex is almost 300,000 square meters. Three above-ground levels with a total area of about 100,000 square meters are allocated for retail and entertainment spaces. Three underground levels are occupied by a spacious parking garage designed for 3,000 cars.
        
On weekdays, the mall’s daily footfall reaches 35,000 people, and on weekends and public holidays this figure increases to 50,000 visitors. The complex is positioned in the “lifestyle” category, which means that the focus is not just on selling goods but on creating a comfortable environment for a certain lifestyle.

<h2>Stores in Riviera shopping center</h2>
The shopping gallery of the complex is represented mainly by mass-market brands offering quality products at affordable prices. The main target audience is families with children, which has determined the structure and content of the retail spaces.

<h3>Fashion clothing and footwear brands</h3>
Clothing stores occupy a significant part of the retail area and are conveniently divided into zones. Among the most popular representatives of the fashion industry:
        
<ul><li>International chains: Zara, H&M, Uniqlo, Mango, Bershka, Marks and Spencer</li><li>Russian brands: Familia, Snezhnaya Koroleva (Snow Queen), Tvoye, O'Stin, Gloria Jeans</li><li>Footwear stores of various price categories: Kari, Rendez-vous and others</li><li>Sports retailers: Decathlon, Sportmaster, Adidas, Den' Surka</li></ul>
<h3>Products for home and children</h3>
For family shoppers, specialized departments are available:
        
<ul><li><strong>Detskiy Mir</strong> — the largest children’s goods store</li><li><strong>Mothercare</strong> — products for newborns and toddlers</li><li><strong>Askona</strong> and <strong>Zara Home</strong> — furniture and home decor</li><li><strong>Leonardo</strong> — arts, crafts and hobby supplies</li></ul>
<h3>Anchor tenants and service points</h3>
The complex features major national chains:
        
<ul><li><strong>Ashan</strong> — full-format grocery hypermarket (opening hours: 08:00–23:00)</li><li><strong>VkusVill</strong> — health food store</li><li><strong>M.Video</strong> — electronics and household appliances</li><li><strong>Chitai-Gorod</strong> — bookstore</li><li><strong>L'Эtoile</strong> — cosmetics and perfumery</li><li><strong>Linzmaster</strong> — optics and contact lenses</li></ul>
Additionally, there is a pharmacy, pet store, beauty salons with hairdressing and manicure services, a dry cleaner, and a shoe repair workshop.

<h2>Family entertainment in Riviera mall</h2>
A third of all areas of the shopping center is dedicated to the entertainment zone, which gives the complex a competitive edge over other malls in the district. More than 20 different entertainment concepts are presented here, aimed at visitors of different ages.

<h3>Top entertainment locations</h3>
<ul><li><strong>Kidburg City of Professions</strong> — an interactive space for children from 1.5 to 14 years old, where they can get acquainted with various professions in a play format</li><li><strong>Skazkin Dom Museum-Theatre</strong> — interactive programs based on Russian fairy tales and epics with theatrical performances on weekends</li><li><strong>Panda Park</strong> — the largest indoor rope park with routes at heights from 1 to 20 meters and a hundred different obstacles</li><li><strong>Black Star Karting</strong> — a unique 420-meter karting track with a bridge, tunnels, ramps and special effects</li><li><strong>Gorod Stroiteley (Stroyka City)</strong> — a project that allows children to build houses, towers and fortresses</li><li><strong>Park Pogruzhenie</strong> — a complex of sports and intellectual activities with theatrical quests</li><li><strong>Teika Boom</strong> — a children’s center with a family restaurant and entertainment area by TV presenter Ksenia Borodina</li></ul>
<h3>Additional attractions and activities</h3>
<ul><li>Mirror maze with optical illusions</li><li>Walk in the Dark — a sensory experience in complete darkness</li><li>TFT Aero flight simulator — an aircraft flight simulator</li><li>Station Mars — an educational and play center</li><li>Legorod — amusement park</li><li>Laser tag and BlasterTag — team games</li><li>Trampoline center with various zones</li><li>Petting zoo</li><li>Cyberspace computer club</li><li>Photo studio on the third floor</li><li>Art Korobka exhibition space</li></ul>
<h2>Cinema Park movie theater in Riviera shopping center</h2>
The nine-screen cinema of the federal Cinema Park chain is equipped with state-of-the-art technology. All auditoriums feature Real 3D technology for the sharpest possible 3D image, as well as the unique 4DX system that adds physical special effects during movie screenings.
        
The cinema’s repertoire is formed with a focus on family audiences — priority is given to children’s films and family movies, though youth films are also widely represented. The cinema operates from 10:00 to 04:00, which allows visitors to attend late-night screenings. Current showtimes are available on the official Cinema Park website. Information phone number: +7 495 587-15-33.

<h2>Restaurants and cafés in Riviera mall</h2>
The food court area is concentrated in a separate part of the complex with panoramic windows offering a picturesque view of the Moskva River. The mall features more than 30 restaurant concepts representing various world cuisines.

<h3>Full-service restaurants and cafés</h3>
<ul><li>Uryuk — Uzbek cuisine</li><li>Khinkalnaya — Georgian dishes</li><li>IL Patio — Italian cuisine</li><li>Planeta Sushi — Japanese cuisine</li><li>Ryba i Myaso (Fish and Meat) — author’s cuisine</li><li>Bavarskaya Kukhnya (Bavarian Cuisine) — German specialties</li><li>Shokoladnitsa — a popular chain café</li></ul>
<h3>Fast food and quick service</h3>
<ul><li>Vkusno — i tochka</li><li>Burger King</li><li>KFC (Rostic's)</li><li>Teremok — Russian cuisine</li><li>Kroshka-Kartoshka</li><li>Franklin's Burger</li></ul>
<h3>Coffee and desserts</h3>
<ul><li>Costa Coffee</li><li>Stars Coffee</li><li>Coffeeshop Company</li><li>One Price Coffee</li><li>Cofix</li><li>Cinnabon — American cinnamon rolls</li><li>Tutti Frutti — ice cream</li></ul>
<h2>How to get to Riviera mall</h2>
The shopping center is located at: Moscow, Avtozavodskaya Street, 18, in close proximity to the Third Ring Road and the Moskva River. Thanks to well-designed transport infrastructure, the complex can be reached in various ways.

<h3>By metro and free shuttle bus</h3>
The nearest metro stations:
        
<ul><li><strong>Avtozavodskaya</strong> (Zamoskvoretskaya line) — 800 meters</li><li><strong>Tulskaya</strong> (Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya line) — 1.5 kilometers</li><li><strong>ZIL</strong> (MCC) — about 1.7 kilometers</li></ul>
Free shuttle buses run from Avtozavodskaya and Tulskaya stations at 15–25 minute intervals. From Avtozavodskaya metro station, you need to exit from the first carriage, turn right out of the metro doors and walk to the bus stop near building No. 9/1 on Avtozavodskaya Street. From Tulskaya metro station, the stop is located by the southern entrance hall on Bolshaya Tulskaya Street.
        
On foot from ZIL station, you need to head to exit No. 2, turn left, walk between the ice arena and the figure skating center, then reach the shopping center via the underpass.
<h3>By public transport</h3>
Buses and fixed-route minibuses go to the stops “Avtozavodsky Bridge (Third Ring Road)” and “ZIL Second Checkpoint”:
        
<ul><li>No. 9, 44, 99, 142, 186, 263, 291</li><li>No. т26, т67 (express routes)</li><li>Trolleybus No. 40</li></ul>
<h3>By car</h3>
For motorists, there is convenient access to the three-level underground parking garage from the Third Ring Road:
        
<ul><li><strong>From east to west along the inner side of the Third Ring Road:</strong> turn right at the exit before the building or, after passing the mall, turn right and then at the traffic light turn right again towards the roundabout</li><li><strong>From west to east along the outer side of the Third Ring Road:</strong> after Avtozavodsky Bridge make a U-turn, then at the traffic light turn left towards the roundabout</li></ul>
<strong>Parking conditions:</strong> the first 2 hours are free, then 100 rubles for each additional hour. The total parking capacity is 3,000 cars.

<h3>By taxi</h3>
You can quickly reach the shopping center via popular online taxi services: Yandex Taxi, Uber, Gett or by calling taxi dispatch services.

<h2>Useful information for visitors</h2>
<h3>Navigation and mall layout</h3>
On the official website riviera.su in the “Contacts” section there is a detailed interactive map of all floors indicating the locations of stores, restaurants, entertainment zones, cloakrooms, restrooms, ATMs and service points. This helps visitors quickly orient themselves and plan the most efficient route.

<h3>Promotions and special offers</h3>
The shopping center regularly holds promotions, sales and prize draws. The most active period is November with the traditional Black Friday. Current information about ongoing promotions is published on the official website and on the VKontakte social network.

<h3>Events and activities</h3>
In the central atrium with a 16-meter media screen, free concerts and entertainment programs are regularly held. The program is not tied to specific genres and is aimed at different audiences. Particularly large-scale celebrations are organized on the mall’s anniversary. Information about upcoming events is published in the “News” section on the website and on social media.

<h3>Additional services</h3> 
The complex also offers:
        
<ul><li>Fitness club with modern equipment</li><li>Beauty salons with a wide range of services</li><li>Dry cleaning and shoe repair</li><li>ATMs of major banks</li><li>Free Wi-Fi throughout the mall</li><li>Lockers and cloakroom</li></ul>
<h2>Visitor reviews of Riviera mall</h2>
The shopping and entertainment center receives mostly positive reviews. Visitors particularly note the bright and spacious premises, cleanliness of the galleries and restrooms, convenient layout and a wide range of entertainment options for children. Families with kids value the opportunity to spend the whole day in the complex, combining shopping, entertainment and meals in one place.
        
Among the comments, there are complaints about paid parking after two hours and the service of some individual tenants, but these issues do not affect the overall positive impression of the complex.

<h3>Main advantages of Riviera mall</h3>
<ul><li>Convenient location with good transport accessibility</li><li>Free shuttle buses from metro stations</li><li>Huge selection of entertainment for the whole family</li><li>Modern architecture and comfortable environment</li><li>Wide range of stores with popular brands</li><li>Diverse food and beverage options</li><li>Multi-screen cinema with advanced technologies</li><li>Spacious parking garage</li><li>Regular promotions and events</li></ul>
Riviera shopping and entertainment center on Avtozavodskaya is rightfully considered one of the best family shopping and entertainment complexes in Moscow, offering visitors a complete modern shopping and leisure experience in a comfortable atmosphere.

Riviera Shopping Center

The Ivan the Great Bell Tower is one of the oldest and most recognizable architectural monuments of the Moscow Kremlin. The majestic 81-meter-high structure dominates the Kremlin ensemble, and from its observation deck there open stunning panoramic views of the historic center of the capital.

<h2>How the architectural complex was created</h2>
The present-day bell tower ensemble includes three historic structures built in different eras. The central element of the composition is the Ivan the Great Bell Tower proper, whose construction was completed in 1508 under the direction of the Italian architect Bon Fryazin. The work lasted three years and replaced an earlier white-stone Church of John the Ladder, dismantled in 1505.

<h3>The original appearance of the structure</h3>
Initially, the architectural design envisaged three octagonal tiers placed one atop another. The lower tier was reserved for the Church of St. John the Ladder. The original height reached 60 meters, and the facades were painted to resemble brick with white-stone architectural elements picked out.

<h3>The Godunov-era superstructure</h3>
In 1600, on the initiative of Tsar Boris Godunov, the bell tower received an additional tier — a richly ornamented drum with a gilded dome. A gilded commemorative inscription on a blue background encircling the space beneath the dome recalls this historical period. After the superstructure was added, the total height with the cross reached 81 meters, and for two hundred years the structure remained the tallest building in Russia.

<h3>Formation of the architectural ensemble</h3>
Alongside the development of the bell tower itself, associated structures were built:

<ul><li>By 1552, the construction of a church was completed, later transformed into the four-tiered Assumption Belfry</li><li>In 1624, the architect Bazhen Ogurtsov created the Filaret Annex with a tented roof to house a large bell</li></ul>
<h3>The trials of the War of 1812</h3>
The French occupation of Moscow inflicted serious damage on the architectural complex. The Assumption Belfry and the Filaret Annex were completely destroyed by explosions. However, thanks to its exceptionally strong foundations, the bell tower itself withstood the blasts with minimal damage.

Restoration work began immediately. By 1815, the architects Domenico Giliardi, Ivan Yegotov, and Luigi Rusca had recreated the destroyed buildings, seeking to preserve their original appearance while introducing some Classicist elements characteristic of early 19th-century architecture.

<h2>Architectural features of the ensemble</h2>
Despite the different periods in which the structures were built, the ensemble is perceived as a unified whole. The austere bell tower serves as the dominant of the composition, while the belfry and annex, though lower in height, are distinguished by richer decorative ornamentation.

<h3>The bell tower pillar</h3>
The oldest structure of the complex has remained virtually unchanged since the early 17th century. Despite its considerable height, the bell tower gives an impression of lightness thanks to its compositional structure. The tiers steadily decrease in diameter, creating an upward-striving silhouette.

<strong>The architectural design of the first three tiers</strong> is distinguished by its restraint. They are adorned with corner pilaster strips and narrow slit-like windows. The ringing tiers are marked by decorative arches — “Lombard” bands, which is probably linked to the Italian origin of the architect.

The shape of the building recalls an Italian campanile — a medieval freestanding bell tower. However, the octagonal tiers, instead of the traditional four-sided ones, reveal the influence of the Russian architectural tradition.

The drum added under Godunov is decorated with a band of keel-shaped kokoshniks. Beneath the dome is a historical inscription glorifying Tsar Boris Fyodorovich and his son, which was temporarily plastered over after the dynasty fell and restored under Peter I.

<h3>The Assumption Belfry</h3>
The second tallest structure adjoins the bell tower on the north side. The building was originally designed to house massive bells; therefore, the ringing tier within its rectangular volume consists of three wide bays. In the central bay hangs the Assumption Bell — one of the largest functioning bells in Russia, weighing 65.5 tons.

The belfry has the richest decoration in the ensemble. Its architectural ornamentation reflects the desire of 19th-century architects to recreate the appearance of the 16th-century building that had been destroyed, while adding fashionable Classicist elements. Above the windows of the third tier there stand out exquisite decorations in the form of shells. The crowning element echoes the shape of the bell tower dome, but is complemented by a decorative band of small columns and pointed arches.

<h3>The Filaret Annex</h3>
The lowest of the three buildings differs from the others in its top — an octagonal tent roof with four small turrets at the corners. The original version was created by Bazhen Ogurtsov in 1624 by order of Tsar Mikhail Fyodorovich with the blessing of Patriarch Filaret.

After the destruction of 1812, the building was restored without the historical gilded inscription. Today the annex houses the museum’s research departments.

<h2>The wealth of bells</h2>
The ringing tiers of the architectural complex hold 22 bells, the oldest of which were cast as early as the 16th century. The peal of the bells is heard during services in the Kremlin cathedrals.

<h3>Principles of bell placement</h3>
On the Ivanov Pillar, the bells are distributed among the tiers according to their weight and sound:

<ul><li>First tier — the largest bells with low pitch</li><li>Second tier — medium-sized bells</li><li>Third tier — small bells with a high timbre</li></ul>
<h3>Historic bells</h3>
<strong>Nemchin</strong> is the oldest bell of the ensemble, cast in 1550. Its commemorative inscription is in German, which attests to its origin. It is assumed that the bell was brought as a war trophy during the Livonian War.

<strong>“Swan” and “Bear”</strong> are bells of the lower tier, each weighing more than 7 tons. They were recast by the master Semyon Mozzhukhin in 1775 from ancient 16th-century bells, with the original inscriptions preserved.

<strong>The Assumption Bell</strong> occupies the central bay of the belfry. This giant, weighing 65.5 tons, was cast in the early 19th century at the factory of the merchant M. G. Bogdanov from a damaged older bell. It is decorated with portraits of Emperor Alexander I and members of the imperial family.

<h2>The Tsar Bell: the history of a peal that never sounded</h2>
The famous Tsar Bell was never used as intended and today stands on a pedestal next to the bell tower. The history of its creation includes several attempts.

<h3>Stages in the creation of the giant</h3>
<ol><li>Under Boris Godunov, a bell weighing more than 16 tons was cast, which broke during a fire</li><li>In the 17th century, under Alexei Mikhailovich, the fragments were recast into a new bell weighing about 131 tons, which also broke in the fire of 1701</li><li>Under Anna Ioannovna, in 1735, the master Mikhail Motorin completed the casting of a grand bell weighing more than 200 tons</li></ol>
The sculptor Fyodor Medvedev decorated the bell with portraits of Empress Anna Ioannovna and Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. However, in 1737, during a fire, the bell cracked, and a fragment weighing about 11 tons broke off. It lay in the casting pit for a century, and only in 1836 was it set on a pedestal, where it remains to this day as a unique monument of foundry art.

<h2>Practical information for visitors</h2>
<h3>Location and transport</h3>
The architectural complex is located in the Moscow Kremlin between Cathedral Square and Ivanovskaya Square, next to the Archangel and Assumption cathedrals.

<strong>How to get there:</strong>

<ul><li>Metro: Aleksandrovsky Sad (exit No. 5), Biblioteka imeni Lenina, Borovitskaya, Okhotny Ryad stations</li><li>Buses: Nos. e10, m1, m2, m6, m7, m9 to the stop “Metro ‘Biblioteka imeni Lenina’”</li><li>Entrance to the Kremlin through the Kutafya Tower</li></ul>
<h3>Opening hours</h3>
Opening hours depend on the season:

<ul><li>15 May — 30 September: 9:30–18:00</li><li>October — 14 May: 10:00–17:00</li><li>Closed on Thursdays</li><li>Ticket offices close one hour before closing time</li></ul>
<h3>Admission fees</h3>
To visit the bell tower, a combined ticket for Cathedral Square is required:

<ul><li>Adult ticket — 700 rubles</li><li>Concession ticket (pensioners, students, children under 16) — 500 rubles</li><li>Additional ticket for climbing the bell tower — 350 rubles</li></ul>
<strong>Important information:</strong> the ascent height is 25 meters (137 steps); children under 14 are not allowed to climb.

<h2>The uniqueness of the architectural monument</h2>
The Ivan the Great Bell Tower is a rare phenomenon in Russian architecture. An ensemble of three structures with a single purpose makes the complex truly unique. In the 16th–17th centuries, tent-roofed bell towers became widespread in Russia, a vivid example being the bell tower of St. Basil’s Cathedral on the neighboring Red Square.

Today the bell tower functions as a museum of the history of the Moscow Kremlin’s architectural ensemble. The exhibition features original fragments of the white-stone decor of ancient Kremlin buildings. Visitors can climb to the observation deck and see the historic heart of Moscow from a bird’s-eye view, just as travelers did centuries ago.

Ivan the Great Bell Tower

The Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin is a majestic monument of Russian architecture and a spiritual symbol of a united Rus'. For more than five centuries, this cathedral remained the main cathedral of the country, where tsars and emperors were crowned, the most important church rites were performed, and fateful decisions for the state were made.

<h2>History of the Assumption Cathedral</h2>
<h3>The First Stone Church in Moscow</h3>
<strong>The history of the Assumption Cathedral begins in 1326</strong>, when Metropolitan Peter proposed to the Moscow prince Ivan Kalita that a new church be built. After the transfer of the metropolitan's see from Vladimir to Moscow, the capital needed a worthy religious center.

Construction of the first building lasted only one year. The single-domed white-stone church with three porches became the first stone religious structure in Moscow. The architects used St. George’s Cathedral in Yuryev-Polsky as their model. The consecration took place on August 14, 1327; however, Metropolitan Peter did not live to see this moment and was buried in the northern part of the church.

<h3>Reconstruction under Ivan III</h3>
After almost 150 years, the original building had fallen into disrepair. By that time, the status of Moscow had also changed — after the fall of Constantinople in 1453, the Russian capital became the spiritual heir to Byzantium. The Grand Prince Ivan III, who united the appanage principalities into a single state, needed a grand symbol of the new Russia.

Construction of the new cathedral began in 1471 under the direction of Pskov masters, but in 1474 the unfinished church unexpectedly collapsed. <strong>An Italian architect, Aristotele Fioravanti, was invited to erect the new building</strong>. Under his leadership, construction was completed in 1479, and on August 12 the solemn consecration took place.

<h3>Reconstructions and Trials</h3>
Over the centuries, the cathedral was repeatedly restored:

<ul><li>In 1547, by order of Ivan the Terrible, the five domes were covered with gilded copper sheets</li><li>In 1624, the vaults of the church were reinforced with iron tie rods and additional arches</li><li>At the end of the 17th century, the windows were enlarged, the murals renewed, and the iconostasis repaired</li></ul>
The cathedral suffered serious damage during the Patriotic War of 1812. Napoleon’s troops plundered the cathedral, turned its premises into a stable, and the magnificent murals were damaged by soot and smoke.

After the 1917 Revolution, the Assumption Cathedral was closed, and since 1922 it has functioned as a museum. Church services resumed only in 1990 and are held exclusively on major church feast days.

<h2>Architectural Features of the Cathedral</h2>
<h3>Location and General Appearance</h3>
The cathedral was built on the summit of Borovitsky Hill, thanks to which it was visible from afar, especially from the Moskva River — the main transport artery of the medieval capital. The majestic building literally soared over the city, surpassing in height all surrounding constructions.

<h3>Fioravanti’s Architectural Design</h3>
<strong>The prototype for the Moscow cathedral was the Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir</strong>. Aristotele Fioravanti preserved the five-domed structure and cruciform plan, but endowed his creation with unique features:

<ul><li>Hall-type layout instead of the traditional three-aisle structure</li><li>High vaults creating a sense of spaciousness</li><li>Round columns instead of massive piers</li><li>Elements of Byzantine and Catholic architecture</li></ul>
The cathedral is distinguished by a special monolithic quality — contemporaries noted that the building looks “like a single stone.” This unity was achieved through the use of small blocks of white stone and construction technologies that were advanced for the 15th century.

<h3>Innovative Construction Technologies</h3>
Fioravanti applied revolutionary methods for that time:

<ul><li>He built special factories in Moscow for the production of high-quality bricks</li><li>He developed a special mortar for masonry that could not be cut with a knife after it set</li><li>He used metal clamps instead of traditional wooden beams</li></ul>
<h2>Interior Decoration of the Cathedral</h2>
<h3>Fresco Paintings</h3>
The interior walls of the Assumption Cathedral are adorned with some of the oldest and most large-scale frescoes in Moscow. The first painting was executed in 1481 by the renowned icon painter Dionisy with his disciples. Fragments of these works have partially survived in the altar area.

In 1642–1644, 150 artists under the direction of the tsar’s masters Ivan and Boris Paisein and Sidor Pospeyev created more than 200 narrative compositions featuring almost 2,000 figures. <strong>The painting was executed in a mixed technique</strong> — the masters painted with pigments both on wet and on dry plaster.

The composition of the frescoes follows a strict hierarchy:

<ul><li>In the five domes are depictions of the images of the Lord</li><li>In the upper part of the walls — scenes from the Gospel</li><li>Below — the Life of the Mother of God</li><li>In the lower part — the Seven Ecumenical Councils</li><li>On the vaults — the Twelve Great Feasts</li><li>On the round columns — figures of martyrs and saints</li><li>On the western side — the composition “Last Judgment”</li></ul>
<h3>The Grand Iconostasis</h3>
<strong>The five-tier iconostasis, 16 meters high</strong>, was created in 1654 at the order of Patriarch Nikon. A team of painters from different cities painted 69 icons for it in one year. Initially, the iconostasis was adorned with a gilded silver revetment, which was stolen by French troops in 1812. Later, the framing was restored based on the surviving fragments.

<h3>Ancient Icons — Priceless Relics</h3>
The cathedral houses icons recognized as masterpieces of Old Russian painting:

<ul><li><strong>Our Lady of Vladimir</strong> — located in the side iconostasis of the Peter and Paul (Petropavlovsky) chapel. According to one version, the image was painted by Andrei Rublev himself at the end of the 14th century, copying the wonder-working 12th-century icon</li><li><strong>Saint George</strong> — an icon presumably created in 1170 by order of Prince Georgy Andreyevich. It is located in a separate kiot to the left of the iconostasis</li><li><strong>Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker with Scenes from His Life</strong> — an icon from the late 14th–early 15th century from Vyazhiщi Monastery near Novgorod</li><li><strong>Christ the Saviour on the Throne</strong> — painted on an ancient 12th-century board by the Moscow master Georgy Zinovyev in 1700</li></ul>
<h3>Objects of Church Art</h3>
The premises of the cathedral are adorned with unique works of decorative and applied art:

<ul><li>A silver chandelier (panikadilo) weighing 328 kg with flowers and garlands, cast in memory of the victory over Napoleon</li><li>An openwork canopy for storing church relics, created by the master Dmitry Sverchkov in 1624</li><li>The Korsun (Golden) Gates — the southern entrance doors decorated with gold</li><li><strong>The Monomakh Throne</strong> — the tsar’s seat made of walnut wood, created by Novgorod masters in 1551 for Ivan the Terrible</li></ul>

<h2>The Assumption Cathedral as a Coronation Site</h2>
<strong>All Russian rulers were crowned in the Assumption Cathedral</strong>, starting from 1489, when Prince Dmitry Ivanovich, grandson of Ivan III, was anointed as tsar. It was here in 1547 that the first coronation in Russian history took place — Ivan IV assumed the title of tsar and autocrat of all Rus'.

The following regalia were used for coronations:

<ul><li>The Cap of Monomakh (until the 18th century)</li><li>The sceptre and orb</li><li>The tsar’s chain</li><li>The banner, seal, and shield</li></ul>
The last coronation took place on May 14, 1896 — Emperor Nicholas II ascended the throne.

<h2>The Burial Place of Moscow Hierarchs</h2>
Since 1326, when Metropolitan Peter was buried in the cathedral, the Assumption Cathedral has served as the burial place of the heads of the Russian Church. <strong>There are 19 tombs</strong> of metropolitans and patriarchs in the cathedral. The last burial took place in 1700.

In wooden reliquaries with metal plates rest the relics of the Moscow wonderworkers Peter, Jonah, Philip, and Hermogenes. The burial places of the saints are marked by high canopies.

<h2>Interesting Facts about the Assumption Cathedral</h2>
<ul><li>In 1547, the domes were covered with gilded copper sheets using a special technology — gold was mixed with mercury, which evaporated when heated. After that, Moscow began to be called “Golden-Domed”</li><li>The cathedral is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List together with the ensemble of the Moscow Kremlin and Red Square</li><li>The main Orthodox cathedral of Russia was built by an Italian Renaissance architect</li><li>In the altar there is kept one of the nails with which Jesus Christ was crucified — the Lord’s Nail</li><li>By the number of frescoes the cathedral is second only to the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin in the Ferapontov Monastery</li><li>In 1625, a particle of the Robe of the Lord, sent to Tsar Mikhail Fyodorovich by the Persian shah Abbas I, was placed in the cathedral</li></ul>
<h2>Practical Information for Visitors</h2>
<h3>Address and Location</h3>
The Assumption Cathedral is located on Cathedral Square of the Moscow Kremlin at: 1, building 12, Kremlyovskaya Embankment.

<h3>Opening Hours</h3>
The cathedral is open daily, except Thursday, from 09:30 to 18:00. Ticket offices are open from 09:00.

<h3>Ticket Prices</h3>
To visit the Assumption Cathedral, you must purchase a combined ticket for the architectural ensemble of Cathedral Square costing 1,100 rubles. The ticket includes:

<ul><li>A walk through the Kremlin grounds</li><li>Visits to all cathedral-museums on Cathedral Square</li><li>Entrance to the Patriarch’s Palace</li><li>Access to temporary exhibitions</li></ul>
Tickets can be purchased online on the official website of the Moscow Kremlin museum-reserve.

<h3>Visitor Rules</h3>
<ul><li>Entrance to the Kremlin grounds is only through the checkpoint at the Kutafya Tower</li><li>Documents and personal belongings are subject to inspection</li><li>Entry with large bags, animals, scooters, and bicycles is prohibited</li><li>Photography inside the cathedral is permitted</li></ul>
<h3>How to Get There</h3>
<strong>By metro:</strong>

<ul><li>Stations “Aleksandrovsky Sad”, “Okhotny Ryad”, “Biblioteka im. Lenina”, and “Borovitskaya” — a 5–10 minute walk to the Kremlin entrance</li></ul>
<strong>By bus:</strong>

<ul><li>Stop “Biblioteka im. Lenina”</li></ul>
<h3>Tips for Tourists</h3>
<ul><li>Plan your visit on weekdays — on weekends and holidays there are many visitors</li><li>Arrive at opening time for a more comfortable visit</li><li>Set aside an entire day to explore all the treasures of the Kremlin</li><li>Buy tickets online in advance</li><li>Consider taking a tour with a professional guide</li></ul>
<h2>Conclusion</h2>
The Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin is an outstanding monument of Russian architecture and the main symbol of Russia’s spiritual unity. The majestic cathedral, created by an Italian master on the basis of the traditions of Vladimir-Suzdal architecture, impresses with the perfection of its forms and the richness of its interior decoration. Ancient frescoes, priceless icons, royal regalia, and the relics of saints make the cathedral a unique museum of Orthodox culture. A visit to this sacred place allows one to touch the centuries-old history of Russia and feel the greatness of its spiritual traditions.

Assumption Cathedral

 Manezhnaya Square occupies a special place among the capital's squares — it is not just a transport hub or a tourist center, but a territory with a rich centuries-old history. Located right by the walls of the ancient Kremlin, it remembers tsarist residences and streltsy settlements, bustling market rows and quiet monastic courtyards. The Neglinka River once flowed here, craftspeople bustled about, and today tourists stroll and large-scale city festivals take place.

<h2>Location and boundaries of the square</h2>
Manezhnaya Square is located in the very heart of the Russian capital, directly adjoining the Kremlin walls. Its boundaries are defined by landmark buildings: on one side rises the historic Manege building, which gave its name to the entire area, and on the other — the luxurious Four Seasons Hotel in the reconstructed “Moskva” building. The square also borders Mokhovaya Street and the picturesque Alexander Garden, and nearby stands the imposing State Historical Museum.

Getting here couldn’t be easier: Okhotny Ryad metro station opens directly onto the square, providing convenient transport access for millions of Muscovites and visitors to the capital.

<h2>From Zaneglimenye to the tsar’s oprichnina: the ancient history of the place</h2>
<h3>An artisans’ settlement of the 13th–15th centuries</h3>
In olden times the area where the spacious square sprawls today was called Zaneglimenye, after the Neglinnaya River, which then flowed here on the surface. The river began its course in the area of today’s Tsvetnoy Boulevard and ran along the Kremlin walls, flowing into the Moskva River.

As early as the thirteenth century the first Moscow suburb arose on the right bank of the Neglinnaya, inhabited mainly by artisans. By the fifteenth century Zaneglimenye had turned into a densely populated quarter with compact wooden buildings. Houses stood almost back to back, which constantly created a fire hazard.

The problem was solved in a radical way by Grand Prince Ivan III: he ordered all wooden buildings within a radius of about two hundred meters from the Kremlin to be demolished, creating a protective firebreak zone.

<h3>Oprichny Dvor of Ivan the Terrible</h3>
The cleared land did not stand empty for long. In the mid-sixteenth century Tsar Ivan the Terrible took the territory along the Neglinnaya into his personal possession, dividing it into oprichnina and zemshchina. The southern part of Zaneglimenye became part of the oprichnina lands, and here in 1567 the <strong>Oprichny Dvor</strong> — the main residence of the formidable ruler — was built.

The fate of the court was not an easy one: a few years later it burned down in a fire, but was restored by 1575. In addition to the tsar’s residence, a wooden Church of Moses the God-seer and three almshouses, built in 1600, appeared on the territory.

<h2>Monasteries, squares, and chapels: the 17th–19th centuries</h2>
By the mid-seventeenth century, a monastery had grown up on the basis of the Church of Moses the God-seer; it existed for more than a century — until 1765. After it was dissolved, in 1787 <strong>Moiseyevskaya Square</strong> appeared on this spot, becoming an important part of the urban landscape.

In memory of the Russo–Turkish War of 1877–1878 an elegant chapel of Alexander Nevsky was erected here. Sadly, after the Revolution the Soviet authorities demolished this monument, as well as many other religious buildings in the capital.

<h3>The streltsy settlement and market rows</h3>
After the abolition of the oprichnina, the Stremyanny Streltsy Regiment and its settlement moved into the former tsar’s court. In the eighteenth century the regiment was disbanded and the buildings began to be rented out. Gradually the area, with its network of narrow lanes, turned into a huge market with numerous rows of shops and taverns.

Here the Obzhorny and Meat Rows bustled, and the Fur and Rag markets operated. This was truly trading Moscow — colorful, noisy, smelling of pies and leather goods.

<h2>An era of change: from the War of 1812 to Soviet reconstruction</h2>
<h3>Rebuilding after Napoleon’s invasion</h3>
The nineteenth century brought large-scale changes. After the devastating war with Napoleon, Moscow was actively rebuilt and redesigned. Manezhnaya Square and the adjacent territories underwent major reconstruction.

Part of the Neglinka River near the Kremlin wall was placed into an underground conduit, and on its site architect <strong>Osip Bove</strong> laid out the picturesque Alexander Garden in honor of the victory over the French. On the freed-up land the construction of residential houses began, as well as of the main symbol of this place — the Manege building.

The Manege was built in 1817 to a design by architects Agustín de Betancourt and Auguste de Montferrand for military drill and parades. However, as early as the 1830s the building began to be used for exhibitions, balls, public festivities, and concerts.

<h3>Soviet reconstruction of the 1930s</h3>
A century after its creation, the dilapidated residential buildings by the Manege were demolished: the two-storey structures no longer matched the new look of the city center. In addition, in 1931 the grand construction of the Moscow Metro began.

The first underground line from Sokolniki to Park Kultury ran right through this area. A connecting branch between what are now the Sokolnicheskaya and Filyovskaya lines was also built here. The open space in front of the southern façade of the Manege officially received the name <strong>Manezhnaya Square</strong>.

<h2>Modern history: from neglect to revival</h2>
In the mid-twentieth century Manezhka found itself neglected. Monuments were planned for the site, but in practice the spacious area near the Kremlin turned into an ordinary car park.

In the 1990s the square became a venue for political rallies and protest actions. The decision to improve it was made only in 1993, when construction of the underground Okhotny Ryad shopping center began beneath the square, between the metro tunnels.

<h3>The reconstruction of the 1990s</h3>
The shopping complex opened in 1997, and above it a landscaped area was created that has largely retained its appearance to this day. 

The following appeared:

<ul><li>granite walkways and comfortable benches for rest;</li><li>picturesque flowerbeds;</li><li>a complex of twelve fountains decorated with bronze sculptures by <strong>Zurab Tsereteli</strong>;</li><li>light wells of the shopping center in the form of hemispheres.</li></ul>
Of special note is the central light well in the shape of a globe with rotating sections symbolizing the planet’s time zones. At its base there is a world time dial, and crowning the composition is a sculpture of Saint George the Victorious.

The fountain network is designed to imitate the bed of the Neglinka River — they are located exactly where the river once flowed on the surface.

<h2>Modern attractions of the square</h2>
<h3>The Manege building</h3>
The historic building, which has suffered fires and repeated reconstructions, now serves as an exhibition space. Major city events, art exhibitions, and cultural programs are regularly held here.

<h3>Monument to Georgy Zhukov</h3>
Next to the State Historical Museum, in 1995, on the fiftieth anniversary of Victory, a majestic monument to Marshal Zhukov was unveiled. Sculptor Vyacheslav Klykov depicted the commander on horseback, trampling the banner of Nazi Germany.

<h3>The Four Seasons Hotel</h3>
The most modern building on the square is the result of the reconstruction of the legendary Soviet Hotel Moskva. A curious legend is associated with this building: supposedly in 1932 Stalin approved the project by signing a blueprint that showed two façade options — austere and decorative. Not daring to clarify the leader’s preference, the architects built an asymmetrical façade combining both variants.

In 2004 the historic building was dismantled and a new one erected in its place, preserving only some features of the original.

<h2>Cultural life and major events</h2>
Manezhnaya Square has long been a traditional venue for city celebrations and festivals:

<ul><li>In September large-scale events are held here to celebrate City Day, with concerts, food festivals, and entertainment programs;</li><li>In winter the main Christmas tree is set up and New Year festivities are organized;</li><li>At the end of January the square fills with dragons and paper lanterns in honor of the Chinese New Year;</li><li>Performances by Russian and international stars are held regularly.</li></ul>
The square is also remembered for major political events. In 1991 huge rallies were held here: on 24 February up to four hundred thousand supporters of Boris Yeltsin gathered, and on 10 March between five hundred and six hundred thousand people came to a rally about the future of the USSR.

<h2>Interesting features of Manezhnaya Square</h2>
<strong>Zero Kilometer</strong> — on the ground between the City Duma building and the Historical Museum there is a marker from which the distances of all Russia’s highways are measured. According to Moscow tradition, if you toss a coin over your shoulder while standing on this marker, you are sure to return to the capital.

<strong>Underground shopping center</strong> Okhotny Ryad, spread over three levels, offers a wide range of shopping opportunities. Its name refers back to the historic market rows that bustled here centuries ago.

<strong>Museums</strong> — on and around the square are the State Historical Museum, the Museum of Archaeology of Moscow, and the Museum of the USSR, where you can immerse yourself in different eras of Russian history.

<h2>Practical information for visitors</h2>
<h3>How to get there</h3>
<ul><li><strong>By metro:</strong> Okhotny Ryad (Sokolnicheskaya Line), Teatralnaya (Zamoskvoretskaya), and Ploshchad Revolyutsii (Arbatsko–Pokrovskaya). Also nearby are Aleksandrovsky Sad, Arbatskaya, Biblioteka Imeni Lenina, and Borovitskaya stations;</li><li><strong>By bus:</strong> stops Metro Okhotny Ryad on Tverskaya Street, Mokhovaya Street on Bolshaya Nikitskaya, and Manezhnaya Ploshchad on Mokhovaya;</li><li><strong>By car:</strong> access from Mokhovaya Street, underground parking at the Okhotny Ryad shopping center.</li></ul>
<h3>When to visit</h3>
The square is open around the clock and is attractive at any time of year. It looks especially impressive in the evening and at night thanks to the beautiful lighting of the fountains and buildings. In winter Christmas markets are held here, in autumn there are festivals, and in summer it is pleasant to stroll by the fountains.

<h3>What to see nearby</h3>
Manezhnaya Square is surrounded by Moscow’s main attractions:

<ul><li>Red Square and the Kremlin are literally a stone’s throw away;</li><li>Saint Basil’s Cathedral and GUM are a five-minute walk away;</li><li>Alexander Garden adjoins the square;</li><li>Tverskaya Street is about a twenty-minute walk;</li><li>Old Arbat is about twenty-five minutes on foot.</li></ul>
<h2>Conclusion</h2>
Manezhnaya Square is a living textbook of Moscow’s history, where every stone remembers the events of centuries past. From tsarist residences and streltsy settlements to modern shopping centers and festive celebrations — this place has undergone an astonishing transformation.

Today Manezhka is a harmonious blend of historical heritage and modern urban environment. Here you can not only enjoy architectural beauty and visit museums, but also simply relax by the fountains, watching the flow of Moscow life in the very heart of the capital.

A visit to Manezhnaya Square is best combined with a tour of the Kremlin and a walk through Alexander Garden to fully feel the atmosphere of Moscow’s historic center and learn the fascinating stories preserved in these ancient places.

Sights in Moscow

Europolis Shopping Center

ру | en | 中文